Biology related links:

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids: DNA: Software
* DNA Baser - Sequence assembly package for contig assembly in batch mode, to investigate genomic fragments, rRNA and protein genes. Includes fully functional trial download for Microsoft platforms from Windows 95 to XP.
* Artemis Software - Available from the Sanger Institute of the Wellcome Foundation, is a free genome viewer and annotation tool that allows visualization of sequence features and the results of analyses.
* DNA-Match - Overview of program from that reads and processes fragment analysis files measured on ABI DNA-Sequencers. Contacts for BJ Diagnostik GmbH, Gießen, Germany.
* Oligodb - A web-based system for interactive design of oligo DNA for transcription profiling (hybridization) of genes.
* QualTrace Sequencing Software - Analyzes the raw data contained within ABI trace files to identify nine major problems with either the reactions or instrument.
* YASS - Offers downloadable program to perform local alignment of DNA sequences.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids: DNA
* Anthracycline Intercalation - Details of anticancer anthracycline intercalated as DNA hexamer, illustrated from 3-D x-ray crystal images by Dr J.P. Miller at UMIST, Manchester, UK.
* BBC 4 Interviews - Crick and Watson - Audio interviews with Francis Crick and James Watson on the BBC.
* BioServers - Contains user-friendly tools to launch DNA database searches, statistical analyses, and population modeling from a centralized workspace.
* Dervan's Group - Sequence-specific recognition of DNA using high affinity synthetic molecules, for the regulation of gene expression, at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
* DNA Double Helix - Chime-dependent tutorial which permits image manipulation to help understand the 3-dimensional form of the structure, from John Tweedie and Massey University, New Zealand.
* DNA from the beginning - An animated primer on the basics of DNA, genes, and heredity.
* DNA Kin - Resources and information for using DNA in genealogical research.
* DNA: RCSB PDB Molecule of the Month - Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank entry on DNA. Includes discussion of the properties and structure of DNA.
* DNA Replication - Animation illustrating DNA replication. [Requires Flash]
* Double helix: 50 years of DNA - Articles, photos, and interviews from the journal "Nature" presented in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the description of the structure of DNA.
* GenBank - A database of nucleotide sequences maintained by the US National Center for Biology Information. Includes news, search functions and methods for submitting sequences.
* GeneProbes.org - Resource introducing DNA probe technologies, listing conferences, workshops and references with focus on marine biotoxins from Nelson, New Zealand.
* History of Plasmid Research - Broad range of historical material since 1903, about plasmids and application of circular DNA in molecular biology, with bibliography of early plasmid research compiled William C. Summers, for the American Society for Microbiology.
* Left Handed DNA Hall of Fame - Devoted to correct and incorrect representations of left-handed DNA. Also has links related to left-handedness in nature, research, and in the news.
* The National Human Genome Research Institute - US government site discusses research, grants, health, policy, and ethics of genetics.

=> Science in Society: Forensic Science: DNA
* Automated DNA Comparison Software - Software company providing a solution for the identification of victims of a mass disaster or missing persons incidents.
* CODIS: Combined DNA Index System - Guidelines for collecting and submitting evidence in blood and saliva samples, quality assurance, statistics and links to participating states, from the Department of Justice, Washington, DC.
* DNA as a forensic instrument - Article discussing the potential and limitations of DNA, published in 1996 by Columbia University, NY.
* DNA Forensics - Comprehensive resource covering forensic identification, arising from the human genome project, discussing accuracies, potential applications and databases such as the Combined DNA Index System. Maintained at Oak Ridge, TN.
* DNA Forensics Problem Set - The Biology Project at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
* FBI's DNA Program - Congressional Statement 2001, with link to previous years, by Forensic Analysis Branch, before the Subcommittee on Crime of the House Judiciary Committee, Washington, DC.
* Forensic DNA Consulting - Resource aimed at attorneys, placing DNA testing in perspective. Search for expert witness, training, articles and bibliography from Richmond, CA.
* Forensic Mathematics - Page of links on maths behind DNA identification and population genetics. Reports and biostatistics software from consultant in Oakland, CA.
* Frontline - Interviews in which DNA evidence was involved in court cases, with more examples since 1987, by searching PBS from Alexandria, VA.
* Gene Almanac - Discussing the science behind DNA fingerprinting technology and its use inside the courtroom. Dolan DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
* Genetics in the Courtroom - Articles written in 1997, facing genetics issues, from The Judges' Journal of the American Bar Association, Chicago, IL.
* Hope Hall DNA Action Memorial - Describes killer's identification, four years after the violent rape and murder of Hope Denise Hall in 1994, during random DNA search, conducted by forensic scientists in Petersburg, VA.
* How DNA Evidence Works - Introduction to the steps in DNA fingerprinting evidence gathering for law enforcement, and its application from Howstuffworks Inc., Raleigh, NC.
* Investigation of Forensic Evidence - Introductory tutorial on courtroom reporting of laboratory results, including checklists for forensic DNA-typing case-specific issues from law offices in Mill Valley, CA.
* National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence - Site seeks to maximize the value of forensic DNA evidence in the criminal justice system. Transcripts, publications, programs and what's new from the NIJ, Washington, DC.
* National DNA Data Bank - Explains history, privacy, security, statistics and case examples, with FAQ to justify the instigation of DNA fingerprinting upon conviction, for criminal records held in Ottawa, ON, Canada.
* Population Distribution - Interview in January 1995 discussing demographic frequency of alleles, and accuracy of PCR in law enforcement. Link to CNN report on OJ Simpson Trial, from expert witness Dr Bruce Weir, Professor of Statistics and Genetics, North Carolina State University, NC.
* STRBase - Short Tandem Repeat database for genetic mapping and identity testing, comprehensively explained and maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
* Survey of DNA Crime Laboratories - Data obtained in 2001 from 110 of the 120 estimated known DNA crime labs as collated, and compared with 1998, by Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, DC.
* True Crimes - Investigations & DNA - Compilation of related links about crime and forensics
* The complexity of DNA testing - News story explaining why identification may takes weeks, in the case of Daniel Pearl after exuming a body in Karachi, Pakistan. - BBC, UK. (May 17, 2002)
* Offender DNA Matches - Article reviewing the forensic testing of DNA recovered from crime scenes, linking offenders to their crimes by referal to the State's DNA Data Bank by the Bureau of Research and Evaluation, NY. (January 30, 2002)

=> Issues: Science and Technology: Biotechnology: Genetics
* National Human Genome Research Institute: ELSI Research Program - The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Research Program funds and manages studies related to the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic and genomic research, and supports workshops, research consortia, and policy conferences related to these topics.
* Agrifood Awareness Australia - Industry initiative, established to increase public awareness of, and encourage informed debate about, gene technology.
* Australian Gene Ethics Network - Non-profit federation of groups and individuals in Australia promoting critical discussion and debate on the environmental, social and ethical impacts of genetic engineering technologies.
* Biotechnology: Gateway to Environmental Destruction - A brief argument against the use of biotechnology in agriculture and the creation of genetically modified foods. The argument consists of eleven main assertions supported by detailed research.
* Biotechnology/Biosafety links from the Third World Network
* Center for Genetics and Society - A pro-choice organization working for sensible policies on genetic engineering technology. Excellent resources and links.
* Centre for Law & Genetics - Resources on the Commercialisation of Genetics and its legal consequences.
* Council For Responsible Genetics - Advocacy and coalition building form the core of the CRG's work in our program areas of genetic discrimination, patenting of life forms, and food safety and environmental quality.
* Counterbalance.org: Genetics and Ethics - A Christian site that attempts to address the ethical, religious, and moral issues raised by a broad range of applications of genetics research.
* Critical Genetics Project - Information about the scientific basis of genetic engineering and related aspects of biotechnology.
* ELSI - Human Genome Project - Primarily a collection of links to sites exploring the ELSI.
* Embracing Change with All Four Arms - This paper sets out to defend human genetic engineering with a new bioethical approach, post-humanism.
* Eubios Ethics Institute - A non-profit group founded by Darryl Macer in Christchurch, New Zealand and in Tsukuba Science City, Japan. Site provides links, general information and conference abstracts.
* Eugenics, Genetic Engineering, and Cloning - Considerations and arguments on several scientific procedures that possibly could improve human life.
* The Food and Drink Federation Foodfuture Programme - Aims to improve public understanding of genetic modification. The programme has initiated wider discussion of the technology - the perceived benefits and disadvantages as well as the ethical and moral concerns.
* Genetic Engineering - Paradise on Earth or a Descent into Hell? - By Keith Parkins. Long article, with a huge list of references at the end.
* Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology & Industrial Property Rights - Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (NFSD): ethical and ecological aspects of industrial property rights in the context of genetic engineering and biotechnology.
* Genetic Engineering Organization - Geenor attempts to increase public awareness about genetic engineering through online articles and software.
* GMO Compass - Informs about the benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The site aims to make an essential contribution to the general GMO debate within the whole European Union.
* Human Genome Project: Ethical, Legal, & Social Issues - Explores the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) surrounding availability of genetic information, as it pertains to privacy and the potential for discrimination.
* HumGen - Canadian-based site provides access to national, regional and international, policy statements on topics relating to human genetics.
* HumGen - Human Genetics - University of Montreal - CRDP. Access to a wide range of information: credible, relevant policy statements on topics related to human genetics around the world.
* New Scientist - GM Organisms - Links to articles, some free and some archived.
* Planet Earth Issues - Collection of articles about environment, race, and genetic issues.
* San Francisco State University: Genetic Engineering and Its Dangers - Essays, links to resources and a bibliography compiled by Dr Ron Epstein at the Philosophy Department. Categories include ethical and religious questions, biowarfare, and genetic engineering on humans.
* Who Owns the Human Genetic Code? An Annotated Bibliography - Article on whether or not the United States Patent Office should issue patents on gene sequences.
* Would You Have Allowed Bill Gates to be Born? - Bioethicist Arthur Caplan supposes Bill has Asperger's syndrome, and comments on the perils of prenatal genetic testing that involves not life and death but attributes such as personality and sociability, genius and geekiness.

=> Philosophy: Ethics: Applied: Bioethics: Genetic Engineering (9)
* BootStrike.Com - Genetic Engineering - Covers the Fundamentals of Genetics and the 3 major genetic engineering technologies, Cloning, DNA and Stem Cells. We also have a glossary you can use.
* Council for Responsible Genetics - Working to encourage public understanding and involvement in debates about genetic engineering.
* Embracing Change with All Four Arms - This paper sets out to defend human genetic engineering with a new bioethical approach, post-humanism.
* Ethical Dangers of Genetic Engineering. - What will it be like in a future world where your life started with your parents designing your genes.
* Ethics and Genetic Engineering - A Response to the Department of the Environment's Consultation Paper - Genetically Modified Organisms and the Environment
* Genetic Engineering - Paradise on Earth or a Descent into Hell? - By Keith Parkins. Long article, with a huge list of references at the end.
* Interchurch Commission on Genetic Engineering (Aotearoa New Zealand) - An ecumenical commission to address the issues surrounding genetic engineering from a christian perspective.
* Judaism and the Human Genome Project - Commentary from the Jewish Law (journal) site that deals with questions that Judaism raises in connection with the human genome project
* Biocapitalism: What Price the Genetic Revolution? - Essay by David Shenk from Harper's Magazine. (December, 1997)

=> Biology: Genetics (876)
* BBC - Genes - Explore the world of genetics and investigate the issues. Features history, health, a gene safari, and DNA detectives.
* Chromosome Web Watch - Resource site for researchers. Includes links to conferences and courses, directories, laboratories, journals, and publishers.
* Computational Gene Recognition - Bibliography of accumulated research papers. Includes databases, programs, and conferences.
* Cracking the Code of Life - Chronicles the race to capture the complete letter-by-letter sequence . Includes an online version of the television program. Viewable in Quicktime or Real Audio format.
* Database of Genome Sizes - Genome sizes for different organisms. The estimated genome sizes are given for both the organisms currently being sequenced and those for which no sequencing programme is in progress.
* The DNA Files: Genetic Science Documentaries Distributed by National Public Radio - A public radio series that explores the world of genes and genetic science.
* Essentials of Genetics - Provides a range of notes including landmarks, basic terms and rules, chromosomes and genes, population genetics, viral and bacterial genetics, and plant genetics. Includes links to related resources .
* Gene CRC - Provides a range of information on the latest genetics research and ethical and associated issues. Features an interactive learning center, children's section, and related links.
* Genetic Origins - Provides biochemical methods and computer tools to allow students to use their own DNA "fingerprints" as a starting point in the study of human evolution.
* Genetics Virtual Library - Comprehensive subject catalog covering genetics in the biosciences. Provided by the U.S. Department of Energy.
* 123Genomes - A genomics and bioinformatics knowledge base with information on companies, careers, courses, meetings, databases, sequence analysis, news, diseases, mutation, snp, and microarray.
* Life: A Study of Genetics and Molecular Biology - Source of information from the basics to contemporary issues such as cloning and cancer. Includes interactive demonstrations and a discussion forum.
* Man And His Genes - Museum exhibit featuring genes contained within the nucleus of human cells. Flash movies and an online biology dictionary explain in details the sequence of DNA. From the Cité des Sciences, Paris.
* The National Center for Biotechnology Information - A national resource for molecular biology information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
* The New York Times: Genetics - Collection of articles assembled to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA. Topics include history, recent developments, ethical concerns and other issues related to the genetic revolution, and the role of the news media in science.
* The Selfish Gene - An introduction to genetics, covers the basics including cell mechanics, chromosome structure, genotypes and phenotypes, recombination, cloning and mapping.

=> Biology: Genetics: Prokaryotic (33)
* Microbial Genetics - Research projects, people, and lecture notes from the Hannam University, department of microbiology.
* Microbial Genetics - Module which explores the microbial genome by examining how it directs protein synthesis, how it is affected by mutation, and how it is transferred from one microbe to another.
* Microbial Genetics - Outline for an upper division course, with sample problems and exams. Links to other resources.
* Microbial Genetics - Class notes and links from the University of Arizona. Includes syllabus, instructors, and lecture schedule.
* Microbial Genomics Gateway - Overview of the international efforts to sequence microbial genomes. Features a primer, publications, research data, and links to organism research centers.
* Procaryotic Database of Gene Regulation - Focuses on pathogenic bacteria. Offers genetic sequences categorized in different ways. Includes links to sources with genome databases.
* Methanococcus Jannaschii DSM 2661 - The first genome of an archaeon to be completely sequenced. Includes general properties and a chromosomal display .

=> Biology: Genetics: Prokaryotic: Bacteria (25)
* Braunstein Lab - Mycobacterial Genetics and Pathogenesis - Research focuses on understanding the role protein secretion plays in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Includes research data, publications, and online tools.
* CyanoBase - Features map images and gene category lists for cyanobacteria including Synechocystis and Anabaena .
* Genetic Recombination in Bacteria - Essay describing the three mechanisms that bacteria have to accomplish genetic recombination.
* Genetics of Mycobacteria Group - Features research, goals, staff details, publications, skills, and related links. University Zaragoza, Spain .
* Legionella Genome Project - Ongoing project to obtain the complete sequence of the Legionella pneumophila genome and to determine the function of the bacteria's genes - from the Columbia Genome Center.
* Porphyromonas Gingivalis Genome Project - Organism most strongly associated with human periodontal disease. Comprehensive resource with information on pathogenesis, genetic tools, cloned genes, photographs, and related links.
* PyloriGene - Database of the genome of Helicobacter pylori. Features a complete dataset of DNA and protein sequences linked to the relevant annotations and functional assignments.
* Salmonella.org - Provides information on research at the University of Illinois. Includes genome sequences and related links.
* TubercuList - Database on Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics. Provides a complete dataset of DNA and protein sequences linked to the relevant annotations and functional assignments.
* The Bacteriophage Ecology Group - Features phage names, news, bibliography, meetings, and image gallery.
=> Biology: Genetics: Prokaryotic: Bacteria: Escherichia coli (9)
* Bacterial Interspersed Mosaic Elements - Details of short palindromes repeated on enterobacterial chromosomes. Includes properties of repeats and distributions on the Escherichia coli chromosome.
* coliBASE - Relational database that includes all completed E.coli, Shigella and Salmonella genomes, and allows you to search for genes, visualise flanking regions and view alignments of the same region in different genomes.
* Colibri - Database dedicated to the analysis of the genome of Escherichia coli . Provides a complete dataset of DNA and protein sequences derived from the paradigm strain E.coli K-12, linked to the relevant annotations and functional assignments.
* E. coli Genetic Stock Center - Maintains a database of genetic information, including genotypes and reference information, gene names, properties, linkage map, and information on specific mutations.
* The E. coli Index - Guide to information relating to the model organism. Incorporates databases, pictures, publications, societies, and teaching resources.
* EcoCyc: Encyclopedia of E. coli Genes and Metabolism - Collaborative project aimed at compiling a knowledge base describing the genes and intermediary metabolism of this bacterium . Features publications and a table of enzymes.
* EcoGene - Collection of information about the genes, proteins, and intergenic regions of the escherichia coli k-12 genome and proteome. Features an alphabetical index of the individual genes.
* Escherichia coli Database Collection - Provides information on the entire K12 chromosome . Searchable by a gene, sequence map, tables or keyword.
* GenoBase - Searchable database devoted to the biology of Escherichia coli K-12 (W3110). Includes publications, tools, and related links.

=> Biology: Genetics: Prokaryotic: Bacteria: Mycoplasma (1)
* MypuList - Database on Mycoplasma pulmonis genetics. Provides a complete dataset of DNA and protein sequences linked to the relevant annotations and functional assignments .

=> Biology: Genetics: Prokaryotic: Bacteria: Bacilli (3)
* Bacillus Anthracis Genome Project - Searchable database of the Bacillus anthracis from the genome sequencing program at TIGR.
* Comprehensive Microbial Resource - CMR - Tool that allows the researcher to access all of the bacterial genome sequences completed to date.
* SubtiList - The reference relational database for the Bacillus subtilis genome program . The database is searchable and includes the facility to download flat files.

=> Biology: Genetics: Prokaryotic: Bacteria: Agrobacterium (3)
* The Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Gene Transfer to Plant Cell. - Full text article which discusses the mechanisms of tDNA transfer to plant cells. Includes related references and diagrams.
* Linkage Analysis of Transgenes Inserted into Cotton - Research article. Includes materials and methods, results, discussion, and references. From the Journal of Cotton Science.
* University of Washington Crown Gall Group - Project to sequence and analyse the genome of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Includes information on the project team, sequencing results, and annotation .

=> Biology: Genetics: Organizations (13)
* American Board of Medical Genetics - Certifies individuals and accredit training programs. Includes certification requirements, application form, verifications, and membership lists.
* Association of Genetic Technologists - AGT - Professional organization for those engaged in classical cytogenetics, molecular and biochemical genetics. Includes educational opportunities, meetings, and publications.
* Association of Professors of Human or Medical Genetics - APHMG - Promote educational programs in North American medical and graduate schools. Features information on the annual workshops and core curriculums.
* Estonian Genome Foundation - Provides an overview of the country's biotechnology and genome project. Includes an international gene technology forum. In English and Estonian.
* Evolutionary Genetics - Research deals with the use of phylogenies to address questions in evolutionary biology and historical biogeography. Includes people, publications, and projects. Located at the Free University of Brussels .
* Genetics Society of America - GSA - Sponsors a number of research conferences, supports education of students, and publishes the journal "Genetics." Includes details of meetings, educational policy, and links to model organisms.
* Genetics Society of Australia - Promote the interests of the science of genetics. Includes information on joining the society, meetings, membership, and educational links.
* The Institute for Genomic Research - TIGR - Primary research interests are in structural, functional and comparative analysis of genomes and gene products. Features databases, gene indices, education, and software .
* Institute of Cytology and Genetics - Research in modern genetics, molecular and cellular biology directed to solution of two fundamental problems: the investigation of the structure and functioning of genome, and the cognition of laws of evolution and selection.
* International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics - Research in animal genetics, biophysics, human genetics, molecular biology and molecular genetics . Seminars and meetings, job opportunities, education and library .
* National Institute of Genetics - Features information on departments and laboratories, seminars, and resources. Includes a DNA databank. In English and Japanese .
* Norwegian Institute of Genecology - Research, distribute information and offer advice in the use of genetic engineering. Includes research projects, news archive, courses and lectures, and publications.
* A World of Genetics Societies - Links to a number of human and medical genetic societies. Includes educational information and a searchable database.

=> Biology: Genetics: Eukaryotic: Animal: Organizations (5)
* Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics - AAABG - Promote scientific research on the genetics of animals. Includes a genetic parameter database, membership, events, and related links.
* Behavior Genetics Association - Promote scientific study of the interrelationship of genetic mechanisms and behavior, both human and animal. Features links to journal, meetings, and membership.
* International Mammalian Genome Society - Foster and stimulate genetic research including sequencing and functional genomics, mutagenesis and mutant analysis. Includes a meetings calendar, news and views, and membership.
* International Society for Animal Genetics - ISAG - Encourage the study of basic and applied research within the fields of immunogenetics, biochemical genetics and molecular genetics. Includes journal, membership, conferences, and related links.
* Roslin Institute - Major international centre for research on molecular and quantitative genetics of farm animals, and poultry science, with major programmes on the biology of reproduction, developmental biology and growth .

=> Biology: Genetics: Eukaryotic: Animal: Mammal: Human: Organizations (13)
* American College of Medical Genetics - ACMG - Provides education, resources and a voice for the medical genetics profession. Includes history, activities, and related links.
* American Medical Association - AMA - Provides physicians, healthcare professionals, and patients with information on genetic and molecular medicine education, news, ethics, and legislation .
* American Society of Human Genetics - ASHG - Primary professional membership organization for human geneticists in North America. Features publications, awards, legislation, educational information, and membership directory.
* British Society for Human Genetics - BSHG - Independent body representing professionals working in research, and providing services to the population of the United Kingdom. Features a discussion forum, careers, and a patients section.
* European Society of Human Genetics - ESHG - Promotes research in basic and applied human and medical genetics. Includes information on structure, courses, events, and membership.
* The Genetics Society - Primary purpose is the study of the mechanisms of inheritance. Features membership, publications, education and careers, meetings, and lectures.
* Human Genetics Society of Australasia - HGSA - Promote standards, research, and education. Includes constitution and policies, special interest groups, listing of certified DNA laboratories, and links to other societies.
* Institute for Behavioral Genetics - IBG - Conduct and facilitate research on the genetic and environmental bases of individual differences in behavior. Includes information on the faculty, training, news, and research.
* Institute of Medical Genetics - Provides an environment for geneticists to work together on the inherited bases of human disease and the consequences for individuals, families and society. Includes research data, databases, and education.
* International Federation of Human Genetics Societies - IFHGS - Provides a forum for organized groups including research, clinical practice, and professional and lay education. Includes information on administration, members, meetings, and related links.
* International Genetic Epidemiology Society - IGES - Develop methodology and applications for the study health and disease in human populations. Offers information on membership, meetings, open positions, and related links.
* Irish Society of Human Genetics - ISHG - Promotes research and education and provides a forum for discussion. Includes society constitution, annual meeting, events, and related links.
* National Human Genome Research Institute - Supports genetic and genomic research, investigation into the ethical, legal and social implications surrounding genetics research, and educational outreach activities. Includes educational resources, careers, and training.

=> Biology: Associations (15)
* The American Institute Of Biological Sciences - AIBS was founded for the advancement of research, education, professional relations and public understanding in the biological, medical, environmental and agricultural sciences.
* American Society of Andrology - A non-profit scientific, literary, and educational organization having the purpose of advancing knowledge of male reproductive biology and medicine.
* Association for Politics and the Life Sciences - Interdisciplinary association concerned with problems or issues that involve politics or public policy and one or more of the life sciences. Journal and newsletter, online membership form, reading lists on various topics, and other information.
* Association for Tropical Biology - Promotes research and fosters the exchange of ideas among biologists working in tropical environments. Publishes journal Biotropica and co-publishes Tropinet newsletter.
* Bioelectromagnetics Society (BEMS) - An organization of biological and physical scientists, physicians and engineers interested in the interactions of non-ionizing radiation with biological systems.
* The Company of Biologists - Non-profit organization promoting research and study. Details of journals, other publications, fellowships and grants.
* Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) - A coalition of independent member societies that serve the interests of biomedical and life scientists, particularly those related to public policy issues.
* Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) - Founded to promote communication among teachers of human anatomy and physiology in colleges, universities, and related institutions; to present workshops and conferences (both local and national) where members can obtain information about the latest developments in the health and science fields; and to encourage educational research and publication by HAPS members.
* International Society for Diatom Research - Promotes diatom studies throughout the world, publishes the journal Diatom Research. Information about the organization and internet links.
* International Union of Biological Science - Presentation of the goal and action of this organization, its publications, news, annual conference, and scientific program.
* The Linnean Society of London: - Founded 1788. Covers biology as a whole and focuses on the study of diversity - in evolution, ecology and systematics. Website contains the Programme of Events, Publications, Grants and Membership details.
* Pan-American Aerobiology Association - Organized to support research on the release, airborne dispersal and transport, and deposition of biological particles such as pollen and fungal spores.
* Society for Experimental Biology - Quarterly bulletin is archived on these pages, together with news and details of meetings and historical data.
* Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology - Organized to integrate the many fields of specialization in the broad field of biology; publishes the journal American Zoologist. Site contains organization information, job and postdoc postings, and other resources for researchers and educators.
* Society of Ethnobiology - A nonprofit professional organization dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of the relationships of plants and animals with human cultures worldwide.

=> Biology: Biotechnology: Associations (10)
* All India Biotech Association - A non-profit society to provide common forum at the national level to represent the interests of all those engaged in various aspects of biotechnology.
* Biochemical Engineering Research Network - BERN is supported by an EPSRC grant and by industrial subscription to provide facilities for collaboration, exchange and sharing of information within the UK.
* European Association of Pharma Biotechnology - EAPB aims to contribute to the creation of a positive economical and political environment for development of biotechnological research in pharmaceutical companies. Includes events, related links, membership and contact details in Berlin, Germany.
* European Federation of Biotechnology - Non-profit association of national and cross-national learned societies, universities, institutes, companies and individuals. Details of annual congress, teaching resources and personal membership. Lists institutions, contacts for national offices and secretariat in Delft, The Netherlands.
* Finnish Bioindustries FIB - Non-profit organisation, with members from chemical, food, pharmaceutical, diagnostics, forest and plant protection industries. Includes publications, economic statistics, location of centers around Finland, maintained in Helsinki.
* Foundation For Biotechnology Awareness & Education - Non-profit, grassroot, society formed to support sustainable development through biotechnology awareness and education. Includes articles, meeting and workshop schedules, and news maintained in Bangalore, India.
* France Biotech - Developing the French biotechnology industry. Provides contact between researchers and entrepreneurs, disseminates information, organizes working groups.
* International Biopharmaceutical Association - Bringing together individuals, institutions, organizations, and corporations for reflection and action within the industry. Includes constitution, links to training programs, conferences, the North American Directory of Clinical Investigators maintained in White Plains, New York.
* Measurements for Biotechnology - Program to network acedemia and industry, with publications on cell-based technology, product characterisation, protein and gene measurement. Includes links to working groups, meetings, registration, and login maintained by LGC Limited, UK.
* Society of Bioscience and Technology - A professional body of scientists, academics and students that promotes the life sciences and the allied disciplines, entrepreneurship and advancement in the standards of bioscience research. Includes constitution, interest groups, membership details, and contacts in Singapore.

=> Biology: Cell Biology: Organizations (22)
* American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) - A scientific society founded to facilitate communication and dissemination of knowledge among scientists and others dedicated to the cancer problem and to foster research in cancer and related biomedical sciences.
* American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) - The Society's objective is to provide for the exchange of scientific knowledge in the area of cell biology. It does so through the scholarly dissemination of research at its Annual Meeting and in its publications, and strives to ensure the future of basic scientific research by providing training and development opportunities for students and young investigators, and also by keeping Congress and the American public informed on the importance of biomedical research.
* American Society for Cytotechnology (ASCT) - The society's goal is to enhance the role of cytotechnologists in the health care system.
* American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology - A number of Life Science disciplines (from molecular biology to cell physiology) studied in experimental space conditions.
* American Society of Cytopathology - Society of physicians, cytotechnologists and scientists who are dedicated to the cytologic method of diagnostic pathology.
* The Angiogenesis Foundation Home Page - Provides leading information about new treatment options for cancer patients. The Foundation provides information to cancer patients and their families, including information regarding clinical trials for antiangiogeneic drugs, companies manufacturing these pharmaceuticals, complimentary medicine linked to antiangiogenesis, and FDA-approved drugs with antiangiogenic properties.
* Animal Cell Technology Industrial Platform (ACTIP) - An informal forum of European companies with activities in animal cell technology.
* British Society for Cell Biology (BSCB) - The society exists to promote the advance of research in all branches of cell biology and to encourage the interchange of information. It organises and supports meetings and conferences relevant to cell biology.
* European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) - A voluntary association of European non-profit-making scientific and technical societies active in the field of biotechnology.
* European Life Scientist Organisation (ELSO) - Promotes the science and activities of biologists using molecular tools, breaking the barriers between various disciplines in Life Science.
* European Society for Animal Cell Technology (ESACT) - The society promotes exchange of scientific knowledge and communication between investigators by organising meetings and publications.
* The Genetical Society - Organises a wide-ranging programme of scientific meetings covering all areas of genetics and co-owns and manages some of the leading academic journals in the field. Also represents the interests and opinions of the genetics community to governments and other public institutions
* HHMI Biomedical Research - Cell Biology - A Cell Biology program from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to study cell structure and function in health and disease.
* International Cell Research Organization (ICRO) - This organization was designed to assist UNESCO in the implementation of its cell biology program.
* International Federation for Cell Biology (IFCB) - Promotes international cooperation and contributes to the advancement of cell biology in all its branches
* International Society for Analytical Cytology (ISAC) - ISAC provides a forum for exchanging information related to the utilization of analytical cytology methods (embracing components of cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, physiology and instrument development) in clinical research, medicine and laboratory practice.
* International Society for Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology Protocols and Researches, Inc. - Scientific society founded in 2000 as ISMCBPR.
* The PanAmerican Society for Pigment Cell Research - A scientific society devoted to those of us interested in various aspects of pigment cells. Our Society is a very interactive one, meeting on an annual basis, and is composed of clinicians, developmental biologists, biochemists, immunologists, cell biologists, molecular biologists, chemists and physicists, among other disciplines.
* Society For Biomaterials - Biomaterials-Cell/Organ Therapies Special Interest Group - A professional society which promotes advances in all phases of biomaterials research and development.
* The Society for In Vitro Biology (SIVB) - The society was founded as the Tissue Culture Association to foster exchange of knowledge of in vitro biology of cells, tissues and organs from both plant and animals (including humans). The focus is on biological research, development, and applications of significance to science and society.
* UK Life Sciences Committee - The goal of the committee is to advance the interests of the life sciences in the areas of government policy regarding science and its funding, education of scientists, public understanding of science, general media relations and exchange of information.
* International Society of Differentiation - Introduction to aims, history, their journal and details of the 15th international conference held in conjunction with Keystone Symposia for five days in Singapore. (September 22, 2008)

=> Biology: Ecology: Associations (17)
* Association of Local Government Ecologists - Represents professional ecologists working in local government in the UK.
* British Ecological Society - Promotes the science of ecology through research, publications and conferences and uses the findings of research to educate the public and to influence policy decisions which involve ecological matters.
* Central Rockies Chapter of the Society for Ecological Restoration - Organization information and conference plans. Chapter covers Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming.
* Ecological Society of America - Works to promote ecological science by improving communication among ecologists; raising public awareness; increasing the resources available for ecological science; and ensuring the appropriate use of ecological science in environmental decision making.
* Ecological Society of Australia - Promotes ecological research and communication through publications and conferences. Contains links to ecological resources.
* The George Wright Society - A nonprofit association of researchers, managers, administrators, educators, and other professionals who work on behalf of the scientific and heritage values of protected areas.
* International Association for Landscape Ecology - U.S. Regional Association - Purpose is to promote the interdisciplinary research and communication among scientists, planners, and other professionals concerned with landscape ecology.
* International Society of Chemical Ecology - Dedicated to the study of chemical mechanisms which help control intra- and interspecific interactions among living beings, including pheromones and semiochemicals. Organization news and information, position announcements, and journal and conference information.
* Italian Society of Ecology - Promoting ecological research by disseminating ecological knowledge, encouraging cultural interchange among researchers, and facilitating national and international cooperation.
* New Zealand Ecological Society (Inc.) - Formed to promote the study of ecology and the application of ecological knowledge in all its aspects. Attempts to encourage ecological research and increase awareness and understanding of ecological principles.
* Organization of Biological Field Stations - Includes more than 200 field stations and professionals concerned with field facilities for biological research and education, primarily in North America and Central America. Provides information about the LTER network, links member stations
* Physiological Ecology Section, ESA - Section of the Ecological Society of America to promote research, teaching, and communication in physiological ecology of both animals and plants. Section news and events, positions available, and links to resources used by physiological ecologists.
* Sino-Ecologists Club Overseas - Organization for Chinese ecologists based outside of China.
* Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) - International professional membership organization for people researching, practicing or interested in Ecological Restoration.
* The Soil Ecology Society - International organization of researchers, students, environmental professionals and others interested in the advancement and promotion of soil biology and ecology.
* Southern African Institute of Ecologists and Environmental Scientists - Information about activities, membership, ethics, certification.
* Southwestern Association of Naturalists - Promotes the field study of plants and animals (living and fossil) in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America and to aid in the scientific activities of its members.

=> Biology: Microbiology: Associations (9)
* American Society for Microbiology - Conferences, journals, public policy and funding issues, topical reports, and links.
* The Biofilm Club - The Biofilm Club is a society for the discussion of the properties, development and ecology of bacterial, fungal and multispecies biofilms.
* The Biofilm Institute - The Biofilm Institute is a non-profit, public-benefit corporation dedicated to providing information and education about microbial biofilms.
* European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases - ESCMID's objectives are the promotion of training and research in the laboratory and good practice in the clinical management of infection.
* Federation of European Microbiological Societies - Devoted to the promotion of microbiology in Europe. FEMS is linking 42 microbiological societies.
* Scottish Microbiology Society - A scientific and social forum for microbiologists based in Scotland.
* Society for Anaerobic Microbiology - The Society is interested in all anaerobic microbiology research, from any environment. Membership is open to anyone with an interest in anaerobic microbiology.
* Society for Applied Microbiology - The oldest microbiological society in the UK, with more than 1700 members worldwide. It is dedicated to advancing the science of microbiology.
* Society of Protozoologists - Information about protists, protozoa, and activities of the organization.

=> Biology: Immunology: Associations (26)
* American Academy of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology - Professional organization, with membership details and patient information.
* American Association of Immunologists - Details of their meetings, training and job opportunities, graduate programs and courses offered. Publishes the Journal of Immunology, issues of which can be accessed by non-members one year after their publication. Member of FASEB, Bethesda, Maryland.
* American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association - Dedicated to the eradication of the disease, the alleviation of the suffering caused and its socioeconomic impact. Extensive information for patients on many autoimmune related diseases and coping with autoimmunity. Press releases and research reports included.
* American Board of Allergy and Immunology - Independent, non-profit conjoint board of the American Board of Internal Medicine and American Board of Pediatrics. Offers training and certification to maintain clinical standards. Based in Philadelphia, PA.
* American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology - Clinical association promoting research, advocacy, and professional and public education.
* American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics - Dedicated to advancing the practice and science of inherited aspects of immunity, and its impact on the quality of human life. Topics include accreditation, governance, training, meetings and contacts based in Mt Laurel, New Jersey.
* Australasian Society for Immunology - Dedicated to support the discipline of immunology in the Australasian region. Publishes the Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science.
* British Society for Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics - Non-profit, apolitical forum for discussion and refinement of scientific and technical innovations, as well as personnel training and communication. Includes conference diary, vacancies, administration and members login.
* British Society for Immunology - A registered charity that shares information on the advancement of immunology. Explains purpose, meetings, publications, and benefits for members. Resource links for related degree offerings and job openings.
* Canadian Society for Immunology - Meeting history and planned activities. List of members with contact information, and former presidents. Links to organizations, jobs/grants and traineeships in Canada.
* Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology - One of the oldest specialty societies in Canada, devoted to improve teaching, practice, co-operation and social interaction, and research in allergy and clinical immunology. Information about meetings programme and history, links, the CSACI Journal, and membership.
* Clinical Immunology Society - Devoted to fostering developments in the science and practice of clinical immunology. Information on goals, meetings and job opportunities for members. Publishes Clinical Immunology journal.
* European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Organisation - An association of national societies, promoting basic and clinical research, and disseminating information. Includes the EAACI structure, membership, training resources, and newsletter.
* European Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Society - Association of scientists interested in basic and clinical aspects of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in man and animal species. Information on members, conferences and awards bestowed by society.
* Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies - FOCIS announces meetings to foster the cross-disciplinary approach required to understand and treat immune-based diseases. Lists and links participating societies. Organized from head office in Milwaukee, WI.
* Immunohistochemistry Resource Group - Information and support for the field of immunohistochemistry. Images, resources, group reports, online database, applied IHC and molecular morphology, IHC references, and employment information.
* Immunology Interest Group - Organises weekly meetings for National Institutes of Health scientists. Provides on-demand viewing of the meetings via videocast and a list of members.
* International Society of Exercise and Immunology - Official site including details of ISEI journal, related books, meetings and details of membership, with contacts at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
* International Union of Immunological Societies - Umbrella organisation for regional and national societies of immunology. Lists member societies.
* Japanese Society for Immunology - Member information, meetings, board members, and how to become a member.
* Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology - Provides a mechanism for keeping allergists and immunologists aware of socio-economic issues which affect them. Represents the specialty of allergy or immunology in federal agencies and the Congress. Information on how to join, practice parameters and issues.
* Metchnikoff Club - Also the Edinburgh Society for Immunology. Organises seminars on topics of current immunological interest. Lists local laboratory facilities.
* Neuro Immuno Therapeutics Research Foundation - Studies, opinions and abstracts by Dr. H. Hugh Fudenberg. Topics cover transfer factor therapy, preventing autism, possible causes of the Gulf War Syndrome, and use of Transfer Factor for CFIDS.
* Norwegian Society for Immunology - Meeting programme and information about the organization, and links to related meetings.
* Scandinavian Society for Immunology - Aims to advance knowledge of immunology within the Nordic countries. Includes details of the council, statutes, and upcoming events.
* Society for Mucosal Immunology - Devoted to advancing research and education related to mucosal immunology. Publishes the Mucosal Immunology Update. The site contains publications in the field, information about the activities of the society, its future meetings and training opportunities.
* Genetic Meetings - Provides a listing of various meetings categorized by organization and by date.
* BioSpace Jobs - Lists companies and jobs for the pharmaceutical and technical fields.

=> Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceuticals: Employment (46)
* ABPI - Pharmaceutical Careers - A site outlining the different routes and careers within the Pharmaceutical industry.
* Advanced Clinical Services - Providing clinical trials staffing solutions for the pharmaceutical / biotech industry. Opportunities available for the following profiles: SAS programmers, data managers, biostatisticians, clinical research associates, medical writers.
* All About Medical Sales - Information resources for experienced and trainee medical representatives and pharmaceutical sales professionals in the United Kingdom
* The Bandish Group LLC - Recruiter for jobs in clinical research and pharmaceutical companies.
* Bayerjobs.com - At Bayer, we'll give you the chance to make a difference by joing a team that is dedicated to changing the world with great care.
* Bristol-Myers Squibb - Site provides information about current employment opportunities with biotech and pharmaceutical company, Bristol-Myers Squibb.
* ConsultNet - Employment listings, consulting opportunities, and employment-wanted listings for pharmacists specializing in consultant and senior care pharmacy.
* Cub Pharmacy - Pharmacy jobs and career opportunities.
* Elixir, pc - Offers employment solutions for pharmacies, pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in Michigan.
* Emerson Professionals, Inc. - South Florida national placement and recruitment firm specializing in placing pharmacists on a permanent basis.
* GNG Pharmaceutical Search - Job placement and recruitment firm working within the Pharmaceutical Industry.
* Hire Health - National employment center of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and clinical research jobs.
* Innovative Medical Recruiters - An executive search firm specializing in the placement of healthcare professionals within the medical, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Specialty areas include sales, marketing, business development, clinical, and executive-level positions.
* JamesKelly Group - clinical research recruitment organization.
* Kay Concepts - Specializes in the placement of pharmacists nationwide. Clients are in hospital, retail, long term care and mail order. Member Top Echelon family of recruiters.
* MedicalWorkers.com - Pharmacy and biotechnology job board offering free listings and no registration required to search.
* Merck Pharmaceuticals UK - Careers and Recruitment - UK ethical pharmaceuticals arm of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
* National Health Focus - A professional placement team focused on finding hospital pharmacy jobs for qualified candidates.
* OfficeWorks - A one-stop resource partner for medical practices and healthcare facilities offering staffing, billing and management assistance.
* Omega Management Group - Established in 1982. Our clients are well known pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies.
* Personnelnet Health - A healthcare vacancy service for pharmacy jobs in the UK.
* Pfizer - Career opportunities in all fields at research based, global pharmaceutical company.
* Pharma Tech Staffing - Specializes in temporary and permanent placement of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Services all pharmacy practice settings in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania.
* Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Research, Inc. - Focuses exclusively on recruiting and placing experienced clinical research professionals within the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries.
* Pharmaceutical Jobs USA - A pharmaceutical and biotech specific career site for pharmacy, managed care and hospital settings. Free registration is required.
* Pharmaceutical Sales Career - Training book to assist those in search of pharmaceutical sales employment by teaching advanced techniques in job searching, resume writing and interviewing.
* Pharmaceutical Sales Interviews - Offers guide book to obtain pharmaceutical sales interviews.
* Pharmaceutical Sales Recruiters - Firm specializes in the recruitment of pharmaceutical, medical, and biotech sales representatives.
* Pharmaceutical Staffing Industry - Pharmacy staffing placements and dependable service.
* PharmaCollege - Pharmaceutical sales career counseling services.
* Pharmacy Choice - The Pharmacy Choice career center offers career resources and a searchable job board for pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and others looking for pharmaceutical employment.
* Pharmacy Now - Mentoring and employment publication for pharmacy professionals.
* PRS - Pharmacy Services - Company offers pharmacy staffing services, drug wholesaler evaluations and hospital department management.
* Recruitech International - Pharmaceutical and biotech staffing firm that specializes in clinical development.
* RecruiterPharma - Recruitment firm specializing in sales, research and executive placement throughout the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry.
* Reliable One Staffing - Pharmacy staffing.
* RPh on the Go - Provides permanent and temporary relief pharmacists and technicians in all settings.
* RTManagement - RTManagement is an executive recruiting firm within the biotech and pharmaceutical industries.
* RX Insider - Provides free pharmacy job postings for pharmacists, pharmacy technicians in retail, hospital, infusion, nuclear, industry, clinical, and long term care.
* Rx Recruiters - Specializes in nuclear, clinical, hospital, long term care and retail pharmacy staffing.
* RxCareerCenter - The online job board for pharmacists, pharmacy students, and pharmacy recruiters. Browse pharmacy job listings for free or post pharmacy career opportunities with our complete online recruiting solution.
* S&L Solutions - Pharmacy consulting, staffing and marketing solution provider.
* Smelt Recruitment - Netherlands based recruitment firm assisting pharmaceutical and healthcare candidates and clients. [English and Dutch]
* Staff One Search - Pharmacy staffing firm providing opportunities in hospitals, retail, home health, managed care, and PBM.
* Sub Staff, Inc. - Provides permanent and temporary staffing solutions for pharmacies in Wisconsin.
* William Halderson Associates - A full-service search firm helping talented healthcare professionals locate positions in Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices and Biotechnology.

=> Employment: Resumes: Life Sciences, Earth Sciences and Chemistry (20)
* Ashworth, Malcolm - UK Hydrogeologist provides a summary of skills offered and a detailed resume.
* Bowman, Barry - M.S. in Geology with training in computer technologies and field data acquisition. Interested in a challenging position as a geologist in engineering, environmental firm, or economic resource exploration company.
* Cependa, Sven Iglesias - A university graduate in chemistry seeking a job as a chemist in a company.
* Collier, Thomas Lee - Ph.D. Organic Chemistry at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Thesis: "Synthesis of Dioxins as Analytical and Toxicological Standards".
* Dupont, Vanessa - Geologist looking for a job in France or in an English speaking country. CV, resume in French.
* Eric Cline: Profile - Eric Cline - History and Background. At this site you can view my bio and resume, or download a resume as a word document or .pdf file. Constructed Wetland
* Fritz, Laurent - Senior geologist in 3D reservoir modelling. 6 years of solid experience in geology, computer mapping and 3D geological software modelling, for oil and gas reservoir characterisation and resource assessment purposes. Expert in using Petrel software.
* Hall, Rosemary - M.S. in Marine Science. Seeking research or environmental analysis position in marine ecosystem management, conservation, or ecotoxicology.
* Hines, Stewart - Environmental engineering consultant and senior project manager. Resume and cover letter.
* Ilic, Dusan - Specialist in chemical sciences from Belgrade, Serbia, looking for employment in chemistry. He also speaks, reads and writes in English and Russian.
* Jonte-Pace, Diane E. - Professor at University of Santa Clara, California. Page includes curriculum vita and publication list.
* Laurikko, Juki - M.Sc. Swedish, geological consultant to gold and base metals exploration industry with experience from Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Saudi Arabia.
* Lesturgez, Gregory - PhD in Soil Science. Experience in soil physics and tropical agriculture. Looking for a challenging position in research and development. Curriculum vitae and list of publications.
* Lieber, Michael M. - Ph.D. Plant genomics and developmental biology consultant / expert offering creative paradigms for scientific advancement in agriculture and medicine, with emphasis on plant genetics / genetic engineering and developmental biology, e.g., organogenesis.
* Moeys, Julien - PhD student working on soil variations & pesticides fate, with skills in data management & treatment. Bilingual (en,fr) site with CV and a soil-pesticides directory.
* Parsons, Ben - Environmental Engineer. The site displays a resume and statement of qualifications.
* Ramelot, Theresa - NMR spectroscopist at Cornell University, doing structural studies of the amyloid precursor protein. Resume, CV, and papers.
* Skubon, Bruce A - Geology graduate. Interested in fields of hydrogeology, GIS, and environmental geology. A detailed C.V. and current research topics are listed.
* Timmermans, Jacques - Ph.D. in pharmaceutical sciences (Belgium) with professional experience in health care, hospitals, university and industry. Site includes curriculum vitae and work background.
* Wells, Darren M. - Postdoctoral plant physiologist. CV, publications, background and contact information

=> Biology: Genetics: Software (53)
* Alice Software - Database system to build and publish synonymised checklists of species. Species descriptions include pre-established fields and detailed descriptions employing any number of user-defined fields.
* Alternative Splice Site Predictor - ASSP predicts putative alternative exon isoform, cryptic, and constitutive splice sites of internal (coding) exons.
* BioConstructor Molecular Cloning Software - BioConstructor is a bioinformatics solution focussing on molecular cloning. Runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux.
* Broad Institute Genetics Software - Offers a wide range of software for genome sequence analysis, genetic variation, linkage analysis, expression analysis, and PCR primer selection.
* CounterTrace II DNA Sequencing - Software and reagent for improving the quality and read length of DNA sequence traces collected on the ABI 3730 DNA sequencer.
* CREME: Cis-REgulatory Module Explorer - Identifies modules of putative transcription factor binding sites that are specific to promoters of co-expressed human genes. Provides a resource for decoding microarray experiments.
* Free FASTA/MultiFASTA converter tool - This tool will look for all FASTA files in the specified folder and will merge their content in a single file, generating a standard or custom MultiFASTA file. Just download the program and double click to run it. It does not need additional software/add-ons/Java or VBRun packages to run.
* Gene Array Analyzer Software - Software for the efficient management, analysis and visualization of large amounts of gene expression data.
* Gene Expression Open Source System - Open source database and analysis package used to archive and analyze expression data from gene chip experiments. Includes microarray center workflow management, and researcher tools to analyze final data.
* GeneSifter - Web-based microarray analysis system that combines data management and analytical functions with integrated, current gene annotation from public databases. Product overview in pdf format.
* Genetic Linkage Analysis - Offers links and other resources for genetic analysis software from the Rockefeller University.
* Genetic Network Maps as Java Applets - Genetic networks controlling development in Sea Urchin represented as Java applets. Formal scheme. Molecular interactions modelled as Petri Net.
* Genex Open Source Gene Expression Database - Genex is an open source database for storing, processing, and analyzing gene expression microarray data.It is intended for local installation by medium sized laboratories with some system administration support. No activity since 2003.
* GENtle - GPL software for viewing and editing DNA and amino acid sequences. Integrated alignment, PCR, BLAST searches, and shared databases. Windows version is available for download (English and German).
* Hands on Genetics - Instructional software for basic genetics, such as DNA, PCR, Mendel, Hardy-Weinberg, meiosis and computer simulations. Freeware for Mac and Windows.
* MapMakerDrawer - Program that draws chromosome maps (as EMF files) using the output of MapMaker EXP. Delphi source code is freely available upon request. The software is available under the MIT licence.
* MuStaR Sequence Variant Database Software - Designed to create a database of mutation loci, to make this information available to as many people as possible. No longer being maintained.
* Mutation Explorer - Software to automatically detect mutations from DNA sequence data, including homozygous, heterozygous, insertion and deletion.
* PeakTrace Basecaller - Software for base and quality scoring ABI DNA sequencing traces. Works with all ABI DNA sequencers including the ABI 377, ABI 310, ABI 3700, ABI 3100, ABI 3130 and ABI 3730.
* Pegasys - Open source software for executing and integrating analyses of biological sequences. Includes documentation and installation instructions.
* Progeny Software - Supply pedigree drawing and genetic data management software for genetic research with a built-in customizable relational database.
* PyMoods - A software application for visualizing genomic data. Can be used to analyze and display relations between complete genomes, genomic fragments, proteins, ESTs, full length cDNAs, and gene expression data.
* Seqool - Free Windows software tool for the analysis of DNA and RNA sequences. It includes several sequence statistics and a comprehensive set of signal search methods.
* The Sequence Manipulation Suite - The Sequence Manipulation Suite is a collection of JavaScript programs for generating, formatting, and analyzing short DNA and protein sequences. It is commonly used by molecular biologists, for teaching purposes, and for program and algorithm testing.
* Synopsis - Commercial Windows software for visualization and annotation of genomic data.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Software (15)
* Argo - Software developed by the Broad Institute for visualizing and manually annotating whole genomes. Free for research and educational users
* BioKin, Ltd. - Offers script-driven programming for data analysis in viral dynamics, enzyme kinetics, receptor binding and drug discovery screening. Includes demo download, technical support and contacts for consulting in Pullman, Washington.
* Blue Tractor Software - Java based commercial software for DNA and Protein sequence analysis. Demo available.
* Cognia - Provides tools research analysis in genomics, signal transduction and molecular biology.
* DNA Sequencing Software - software to improve the quality of DNA sequencing traces collected on the ABI 3700 and 3730 DNA sequencers.
* DoMix Scientific Software - Offers software for sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree visualization, contig assembly and sequence proof reading
* EnzymeX - Free MacOS X program for molecular biologists that can be used to determine which restriction enzymes cut a DNA sequence. Includes list of all commercially available RE.
* FinchTV - Free DNA sequencing chromatogram trace viewer. Runs on Window, MacOS X, Linux & Solaris. Uses QT library.
* Insilico Biotechnology - Offering predictive software tools and services for metabolic engineering and drug discovery. Based in Germany.
* JaMBW - Java based biologist's workbench by Luca I.G.Toldo.
* MacVector - Macintosh software which provide sequence editing, primer design, database searching, protein analysis, alignment, phylogeny, and other functions.
* Mekentosj software - Free MacOS X programs for molecular biologists. Offers 4Peaks - a DNA sequencing trace viewer, iRNAi - RNAi design, and LabAssistant - lab timer/organizer.
* Molecular Biology Software Links - Links to biological software for DNA sequencing, molecule modeling, polymerase chain reaction and taxonomy.
* Phenosystems - Offers the Gensearch software to locate and analyse potential mutation locations.
* SoftZymics - Package for statistical analysis of steady-state enzyme kinetic data, and presentation graphics, for Macintosh or Windows based computers. Previews, price and form to order from Princeton, New Jersey.

=> Biology: Bioinformatics: Software (82)
* EMBOSS - The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. An open source project started by the EMBnet community in order to replace proprietary systems like GCG.
* ADF MAGE-ML - Open source Java software for checking and conversion of MicroArray Array Design data file (ADF -Array Design File- MAGE-ML).
* AlmaKnowledgeServer - Text mining tool for genomics, proteomics platforms and drug discovery.
* AnnHyb - Free software for working with and managing nucleotide sequences in multiple formats. Features include sequence annotation, restriction analysis, pattern searching, retrieval from servers. Released under GNU Public Licence.
* The ARB Project - A free sequence database application for Unix. It includes a sequence editor, several sequence aligners, phylogeny reconstruction tools, probe/primer search and generation, genome annotation and visualization. In addition to the integrated user-interface the ARB database can be accessed using Perl or C.
* ARCiB -- Accessible Retired Computers in Biology - NSF supported project to make old computers accessible to new software in bioinformatics. Provides transitional and supplemental support, especially in structual biology, for software packages on various platforms.
* BioEdit - Free Windows biological sequence alignment editor.
* Biological Concept Diagram Editor - A tool designed for efficient knowledge and data capture from electronic resources for sharing, mining and presentation purposes.
* biOpen - Commercial Mac OS X sequence analysis and structure visualization software.
* Darwin - An interactive tool for peptide and nucleotide sequence analysis.
* DNA Counter - Small free Windows program to calculate nucleotides frequencies in DNA sequences.
* DNAMAN - Commercial software for DNA and Protein sequence analysis and manipulation. Available for Windows and Mac OS X.
* DNPTrapper - An Linux assembly editing and visualization tool specifically designed for manual analysis and finishing of repeated regions.
* Expression Profiler - An open, extensible web-based collaborative platform for microarray gene expression, sequence and PPI data analysis, exposing distinct chainable components for clustering, pattern discovery, statistics, machine-learning algorithms and visualization.
* FASTA - William Pearson's package for fast sequence comparison tools.
* FASTA Convertor - Free Windows tool for merging multiple FASTA files into a single FASTA file.
* Friend - An integrated multiple structure visualization and multiple sequence alignment application. Avaliable for Windows, Linux
* GDE - An integrated linux environment for bioinformatics and evolutionary analysis based on the Genetic Data Environment (GDE). Contains binaries for Linux and Mac OS X, documentation, screenshots, references, and organism specific interfaces.
* Genespotter - Commercial Windows software for analyzing biochip image data.
* Genome-tools Web Interface - Genome-tools provides flexible tools and a simple API for genomic sequence processing on genomes published in the standard Genbank format.
* Gints - Object-oriented regulation network simulator written in Java. Includes downloadable software and documentation. The site is in French and English.
* GoCore - GoCore is an free Excel based tool for protein sequence alignment, comparisons and functional predictions in a simple, visually appealing, manner.
* INCA - INteractive Codon Analysis - Windows software that computes and charts codon and amino acid frequencies in whole genomes. Produces fully customizable scatter plots with the possibility to export graphics or text files for further analysis. Free for academic users.
* JAligner - Java implementation of the dynamic programming algorithm Smith-Waterman for biological local pairwise sequence alignment.
* JSTRING - Java program for searching Tandem Repeats (TR) in a DNA sequence. It shows the results also in a graphical format.
* KoriBlast - Commercial graphical software for Blast searches.
* limmaGUI - A graphical user interface for linear modelling of cDNA and oligonucleotide microarray data to identify differentially expressed genes.
* MaGe (Magnifying Genomes) - Microbial genome Annotation System - The MaGe system offers a set of graphical interfaces which allow biologist to perform relevant expert annotation of microbial genomes.
* MARBL - MARBL is a free (GPL) system to index the text portions of GenBank and associated NLM abstracts. Based on Mumps and the MDH.
* Mauve - Free software for constructing global alignments of multiple rearranged genomes. The visualization environment displays sequence similarity profiles and annotated sequence features.
* MedScan - Commercial Windows natural language processing software for the automated extraction of biological data from scientific literature.
* MELTING - Computes, for a nucleic acid duplex, the enthalpy, the entropy and the melting temperature of the helix-coil transitions.
* Meta-MEME - Software toolkit for building and using motif-based hidden Markov models of DNA and proteins - from the Univ. of California-San Diego.
* MIRA - A sequence assembly suite with SNP detection for "hard" projects.
* Nano+Bio-Centre - Offers a range of free software tools for annotating an entire genome, assembling sequences, gap closing and analysis of microarrays.
* NCBI BLAST - BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) is a set of similarity search programs designed to explore all of the available sequence databases regardless of whether the query is protein or DNA.
* pDRAW32 - Freeware DNA cloning, analysis and visualization software.
* Phrap/Consed - DNA sequence assembler and finishing tools from the UW Genome Center.
* PHRED - A widely-used program for base calling DNA sequencing trace files. Source code available and free for non-commecial users.
* PhyloSort - A Java tool to sort phylogenetic trees by searching for user-specified subtrees that contain a monophyletic group of interest defined by operational taxonomic units.
* Premier Biosoft International - Developers of software for real time PCR primer design, TaqMan, molecular beacons, SYBR green, FRET, DNA microarray analysis, restriction cloning, plasmid maps, gateway cloning, protein interaction network and functional genomics.
* RGBG Analyzer - Commercial software to analyses the red, green, blue, and gray color values of user-selected areas of images in gif, tiff, bmp, jpeg format. Windows 2000 & XP.
* Seqtools - Commercial Windows software for batch handling and analysis of nucleotide and protein sequences.
* Sequence Analysis - A freeware Java application that does many standard types of DNA and protein sequence analysis tasks.
* SeWeR - An integrated portal for common web-based bioinformatics services. Built in Javascript as a standalone browser application.
* Sfold - Predicts probable RNA secondary structures, assesses target accessibility, and provides tools for the rational design of RNA-targeting nucleic acids. The web server version is free for academic use.
* Sockeye - 3D visualisation platform for Comparative Genomics visualisation.
* STRAP - Software supports the analysis of hundreds of proteins and integrates aa sequence, secondary structure, 3D-structure and genomic- and mRNA-sequence, and residue annotation.
* Tandem Repeats Finder - Locates and displays tandem repeats in DNA sequences.
* WU-BLAST - The Washington University improved version of BLAST. Free for academic users.
* XDigitize - A Linux/Unix visualization software system for evaluation of hybridisation experiments.

=> Biology: Bioinformatics: Online Services (154)
* Transcription Element Search Software (TESS) - Very helpful software for locating and displaying transcription factor binding sites within DNA sequences - from the Univ. of Penn.
* Verbumculus Genetic Sequence Analyzer - An interesting tool to discover and visualize over- or under-represented words in genetic sequences. Requires Java support in browser. Also available as a downloadable program.
* Advanced Genetics Wizard - Online program that calculates the distribution of offspring genotypes from dominant, codominant and recessive gene crosses, for up to 6 genes.
* Bacterial Identification - Service for the identification of bacteria and fungi sequences by sequence alignment.
* BIOBASE - The focus of the GBF project "Molecular Bioinformatics of Gene Regulation" are regulatory genomic signals and regions that govern transcriptional control based on TRANSFAC - The Transcription Factor Database. It compiles data about gene regulatory DNA sequences and protein factors binding to and acting through them.
* BioGRID - Database of genetic and physical interactions. It contains interaction data from many sources, including several genome/proteome-wide studies, the MIPS database, and BIND.
* BioModels Database - Resource for storing, searching and retrieving published mathematical models of biological interests. Models present in BioModels Database are annotated and linked to relevant data resources, such as publications, databases of compounds and pathways, controlled vocabularies, etc.
* BioMolecular Engineering Research Center - Tools and methods for computational biology. Working on secondary protein structure prediction, providing reliable profiles, and developing new ways to study molecular biology through bioinformatics.
* Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (BIND) - BIND is a database designed to store full descriptions of interactions, molecular complexes and pathways.
* Bioverse - Provides a framework for exploring the relationships among the molecular, genomic, proteomic, systems, and organismal worlds.
* Canadian Bioinformatics Help Desk - We provide bioinformatics support, services, servers, and software to Canadian researchers.
* Carnac - A free software tool for analysing the hypothetical secondary structure of a family of homologous RNA.
* Center for Biological Sequence Analysis - Offers more than 30 online services for DNA and protein bioinformatics analysis.
* Center Structural Biology: Programs and Tools - User guides and worked examples for software applications in structural and molecular biology - from Yale Univ.
* CUBIC: Columbia University Bioinformatics Center - Features PredictProtein service for sequence analysis and protein structure prediction, META for single-page interface to validated sequence analysis, PredictNLS for prediction and analysis of nuclear localization signals, EVA for evaluation of automatic protein structure prediction servers, and DSSPcont for continuous assignment of protein secondary structure.
* Entrez Browser - Retrieves molecular biology data and bibliographic citations from the NCBI's integrated databases.
* ERGO - Online service integrating biological data from genomics, biochemistry, genetics and high-throughput expression profiling, to achieve a comprehensive pattern-based analysis of genes and genomes.
* FIE (5' end Information Extraction) - Gene sequence extraction of regions around the 5'-end (promoter) and/or the translation initiation site (TIS) of a gene.
* Functional Human Gene Network - Consolidates evidence for gene-gene interactions from HPRD, BIND, Reactome, KEGG, GO, microarray co-expression and Y2H experiments. Beautiful site design.
* Gene and Protein Synonyms DataBase - Free service for retrieving all synonyms for a given gene or protein name.
* Gene Expression Data Analysis - Normalization tests for differentially expressed genes, clustering, bootstrapping, leave-one-out validation, cross-fold validation.
* Genepop on the Web - Online version of the program for populational genetics.
* Geneva Bioinformatics (GeneBio) S.A. - GeneBio provides proteomics software tools and databases including SWISS-PROT, PROSITE, SWISS-2DPAGE and Melanie. We also offer a secure version of ExPASy molecular biology web server.
* IBM Bioinformatics Group - Tools & Content - Several genomics and proteomics tools, including multiple alignments, gene expression analysis, tandem repeat and motif discovery.
* iHOP - Uses the network of genes and proteins as a natural way of accessing the millions of biomedical abstracts in PubMed.
* INCBI Irish National Centre for BioInformatics - Hosts Irish embnet node, Gives links to Database browsing and interrogation at SRS, European (EBI) servers, Blast server for parasite genomes (EBI), US (NCBI) servers, Protein structure prediction, PredictProtein Server in Heidelberg, Gene identification, splice sites, exons, introns and a list of gene structure prediction programs
* Information Génomique et Structurale (CNRS) - Online services including T-Coffee, El-Nemo, Casper and FeeBack.
* InstaSeq - Google-based search engine for DNA, RNA or Protein sequences.
* JustBio: Online Tool Set - A Suite of Online tools for analysis of DNA/RNA, Proteins, and Arrays.
* Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Database - LGICdb is a curated repository of genes coding for subunits of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels.
* LongTrace DNA Sequencing Service - A commercial service for improving the read length and quality of ABI 3730, 3130 and 3100 DNA sequencing traces. Works via reprocessing of the raw peak data before re-base calling. A free trial is provided.
* MedMiner - An Internet biomedical data-mining tool for organizing search information gathered from textual or genetic databases - from the NIH National Cancer Inst.
* Molecular Informatics Resource for the Analysis of Gene Expression - Information methodologies, tools, and technologies relating to the study of gene expression and signal transduction from the Institute for Transcriptional Informatics.
* Molecular Interactions Database (MINT) - MINT is a database designed to store functional interactions between biological molecules (proteins, RNA, DNA).
* Mulan - Performs single-coverage local multiple DNA sequence alignments of finished and draft-quality genome sequences. It also provides with an option to predict transcription factor binding sites evolutionarily conserved across multiple species.
* My Genomics Resource Centre - A Malaysian Genomics toolset for high-throughput analysis of biological data. Must register to use.
* NIH BioInformatics and Molecular Analysis Section - Numerous computational tools and resources to unite advances in biology with those in computers, informatics, and networking for the genomic and genetic analysis fields of BioInformatics; division of the Computational Bioscience and Engineering Lab at the Center for Information Technology.
* PANDORA - Protein ANnotation Diagram ORiented Analysis service that extracts biological information from user supplied sequences.
* ParAlign - Service using the ParAlign algorithm to compare genetic sequences. Apparently it is as fast as BLAST and as sensitive as Smith-Waterman.
* PEDANT - Completely automatic and exhaustive analysis of protein sequence sets - from individual sequences to complete genomes
* PIR-International Protein Sequence Database - produces a comprehensive, non-redundant, and expertly annotated protein sequence database. PIR features integrated annotation search to support functional/structural genomics and proteomic research.
* PlasMapper - Online service to generate annotated plasmid maps up to 20 kbp. Outputs in PNG, JPG, SVG or SVGZ format.
* ProCKSI: Similarity Comparison of Proteins using Contact Maps - A meta-server and decision support system for Protein Comparison, Knowledge, Similarity and Information, using protein contact maps.
* ProPred-I - An online service for predicting MHC binding regions in antigens. It also offers the proteasomal and immunoproteasomal filters to improve the applicability of results.
* ProteinLounge - Bioinformatics portal which integrates protein information and many databases and research tools useful for researchers and students. Subscription based service.
* PubCrawler - An online service for periodically performing predefined searches at NCBI, reporting new results by email or on the web.
* QGRS Mapper - Generates information on composition and distribution of putative Quadruplex forming G-Rich Sequences (QGRS) in nucleotide sequences and NCBI genes.
* QualTrace DNA Sequencing - A free online version of the QualTrace DNA sequencing software for quality control analysis of ABI 3730 & 3730xl traces files.
* ReadSeq - Converts amino acid and nucleotide sequence data formats including FASTA, GenBank, Phylip and others.
* SA National Bioinformatics Institute - SANBI aims to bring genome information, computational biology, and analytical tools to the South African research community. Hosts SA National EMBNet Node, provides links to Sequence Retrieval System (SRS), GeneKraal, and TB Genomes Analysis Server. Research in Sequence Tag Alignment and Consensus Knowledgebase (STACK). Databases include BLAST search in Mycobacterium genome.
* Scansite - Scansite searches for motifs within proteins that are likely to be phosphorylated by specific protein kinases or bind to domains such as SH2 domains, 14-3-3 domains or PDZ domains.
* Searching GenBank - Text and similarity searching, provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
* Sequence Analysis (Bielefeld University Bioinformatics Server) - Collection of sequence analysis tools.
* Simulation programs for teaching population dynamics - Offers a number of educational programs including LESLIE, LOGIST, CHAOS, CELLS, WITCOM, PRED and LEWONTIN.
* Systems Biology of Photosynthesis - Open web platform for modeling and reverse engineering of photosynthetic dynamism.
* TFM Explorer - Scans sequences for potential Transcription Factor binding sites using Patser and TRANSFAC.
* Transterm - a database of mRNA regions and motifs - Transterm - an interactive database of mRNA regions and motifs from all species and genomes. Users can browse the pre-computed data tables, search the sequence databases or search their own sequences.
* Web Services at Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India - Protein structure prediction (Protein Structural Classes, Secondary Structure Prediction), immunological methods (ProPred), genomics & proteomics (Genome Wise Sequence Similarity Search, Spectral Repeat Finder, 2D Gel Comparison, protein coding gene by Fast Fourier Transform), and biological databases.
* WebACT - A database of sequence comparisons between all publicly available prokaryotic genome sequences, allowing the on-line visualisation of comparisons between up to five genomic sequences, using the Artemis Comparison Tool. User can perform their comparisons on their own data.
* YMF - DNA Motif Finding Program - Finds novel transcription factor binding sites by searching for over-represented (most significant motifs) motifs in DNA sequences.
* Zinc Finger Tools - Helps users design zinc finger transcription factors.

=> Biology: Evolution: Software (10)
* AJ's Black Smoker - A java-based simulation illustrating natural selection in action, with a dynamic environment affected by simulated biological activity. Requires Java 2 plug-in. Contextual help, explanatory material available.
* Altruist - Free PC software package for simulating evolution in structured populations. Includes models for group selection, group territoriality, Wright's shifting balance model of punctuated equilibria and speciation.
* Amber ALife Wasps - Simulation of evolution by natural selection in a wasp population.
* Darwin at Home - Planetwide effort to create networked digital ecosystems. Information on participating teams, how to get involved, and news.
* DarwinBots - An artificial life software in some ways similar to C-Robots and other programming games. Every simulated creature is a virtual robot with complex input and outputs and each DNA is a program that acts on a memory cells array. Freeware.
* Evolutionary Systems and Artificial Life - This course presents an overview of the field of Evolutionary Systems and its applied branch of Artificial Life. The historical and philosophical foundations of evolutionary thought are explored with particular emphasis on computational simulations of its models. Topics include: Self-Organizing Systems, Natural Selection, Dynamic Systems, Boolean Networks, Cellular Automata, Genetic Algorithms, and Evolutionary Robotics.
* evolution@home - Designed on the model of SETI@home, this project makes evolutionary data available for download to, and analysis on, personal computers. Splitting up the work among a variety of machines results in faster results generation.
* GALife - Watch creatures based on a neural network learn to solve simple problems (eating the right foods, escaping traps) through random mutations and selection of the fittest. Highly configurable, with a modular structure.
* The Museum of Evolution and Artificial Life (MEAL) - MEAL demonstrates concepts in evolutionary biology to impatient visitors with modest hardware.
* Phylogeny and Evolution - Various projects in evolution, molecular evolution and phylogenetic epidemiology being carried out by members in the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford.

=> Biology: Genetics: Software: Quantitative Genetics (28)
* Genetic Analysis Software Database - Extensive, regularly-updated directory of linkage, mapping, and pedigree statistics software with links to obtain freely available copies.
* Animal Breeding & Genetics, Wageningen - Provides programmes in the area of animal breeding including SIP (Selection Index Program), MAGGIC (Gibbs Sampling) and GENEFLOW. Free software for WIN.
* ASReml Cookbook - Statistical software designed for fitting mixed models for large datasets. Contains commented code for univariate and multivariate analysis including longitudinal and spatial analysis.
* Big Bench Software - Commercial software for the management of transgenic mouse colonies. Windows and Mac OS X. Demo version available.
* CircuSoft Instrumentation LLC - Transgenic mouse colony tracking and management software for the Mac and Windows. Includes demo software and manuals.
* The CompuPed 4.0 Pedigree Program - Extended and reverse pedigrees, inbreeding coefficients and genetic inheritance capabilities for Win and Mac. Download a demo or order online.
* DESIRE - Explore possible selection outcomes when goals (desired gains) are set for traits. This free WIN program is also contained in GENUP.
* DFREML - Meyer's variance component estimation software for animal breeding is free for research purposes, available for UNIX, DOS and FORTRAN source code.
* DRIFT - Graphically represents the effect of genetic drift on gene frequency of one or more populations for a single locus, two allele model in a closed population using stochastic simulation methods. The DOS program is free.
* Finnish Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding - Links to population and quantitative genetic software of interest in tree improvement, but also useful in other species.
* GeneFlow Inc - This Virginia, USA company provides software (GeneFlow, SynerGene, QTLlocate) and services oriented towards plant breeding. Website does not give prices or operating systems supported.
* GeneticStudio - A complete suite of population genetic analysis programs for Mac. Includes plug-in modules. Not updated since 2001.
* Genup - Free software to assist learning quantitative genetic concepts (animal breeding) for WIN.
* Ignacy Misztal - Animal breeding oriented programs for sparse matrix multiple trait REML and BLUP. Fortran source is free for research use.
* Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Wageningen - Offers free downloadable genetics and plant breeding related software.
* LAMS - Freeware record keeping system designed for a breeding colony of transgenic mice. Includes program description, system requirements, and installation instructions.
* Locus Technology, Inc - Colony management, supports creation and tracking of research animals and for transgenic and congenic lines, knockouts and outbred strains.
* MapPop - Software for selective mapping and bin mapping. Windows version, documentation and references are available for download.
* Pedigree Viewer - Unique display and examination tool for large pedigrees, with inbreeding and genetic merit data also. Free WIN program.
* PIGBLUP and BREEDPLAN - Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit of University of New England, Australia have developed BLUP software for genetic selection of swine and beef cattle. Little information is on this site, so ABRI would have to be contacted.
* PopGen - Software that models population genetics with emphasis on genetic drift, selection, and migration. Windows 95.
* PowerMarker - Set of statistical methods for discrete genetic data analysis, designed especially for microsatellite data analysis. Includes downloadable versions for Windows.
* Progeny Software - Supply pedigree drawing and genetic data management software for genetic research with a built-in customizable relational database.
* Quantitative Genetics Resources - List of resources with links to programs and notes on a range of subjects including animal and plant breeding, and evolutionary and human genetics.
* R/qtl: A QTL Mapping Environment - Program for mapping quantitative trait loci in experimental crosses. Includes sample graphics and tutorial in pdf format.
* Statistical Genetics Software - Collection of primarily Fortan 77 programs for genetic analysis. Requires registration to download. Site not updated since 1999.
* Taxonomy 3 - A package of SAS macros for target discovery, detection of subphenotype and genetic heterogeneity. Can use an unlimited numbers of markers in a single multivariate analysis.
* VCE - Groeneveld's Variance Component Estimation software was developed for animal breeding problems. WIN and UNIX versions are free for research use. PEST documentation is also available here.

=> Biology: Taxonomy: Software (36)
* PAUP* - PAUP is the most widely used package for phylogenetic inference, and now implements maximum likelihood and distance methods as well as various forms of parsimony. Powerful and very easy to use, particularly the Mac version.
* PHYLIP - Joe Felsenstein's suite of programs implementing perhaps the widest range of phylogenetic inference package. The most widely distributed phylogeny software. Includes distance, likelihood and parsimony methods for a wide range of different types of data, and runs on most platforms.
* Clann: Software for Supertree Methods - Clann implements a large number of supertree methods for reconstructing phylogenies from sets of input phylogenetic trees.
* Component - For analysis of phylogenies. Includes a wide range of randomization methods, consensus methods, tree comparison measures, and calculates reconciled trees. Now aging, and available only for Windows machines, but still has some unique features. Much of the functionality is now replaced by RadCon, GeneTree, TreeMap and the latest release of PAUP.
* GeneTree - Uses reconciled trees to compare gene trees and species trees, explaining incongruence between the phylogenies by postulating horizontal transfer, gene duplication and loss events. Reprints of papers describing the methods are available from the GeneTree web page. Available for Macintosh and Windows.
* 3I - Internet-accessible Interactive Identification - Program to create internet-accessible interactive taxonomic keys.
* MacClade - A powerful Macintosh package for phylogenetic analysis. Not intended as a stand-alone tool to infer phylogeny, but excels in studying character evolution. Also provides tools for entering and editing data and phylogenies and producing attractive tree diagrams and charts.
* Mesquite - Experimental, modular software for evolutionary biology, designed to help biologists analyze comparative data about organisms.
* MrBayes - Open source software for estimation of phylogenies using Bayesian inference.
* NONA - Freeware software for phylogenetic analyses using parsimony.
* NONA - A Quick Guide to the Commands - A brief overview of using NONA for phylogenetic analysis.
* PAML - Phylogenetic analyses of DNA or protein sequences using maximum likelihood.
* Phylodendron - Java application for drawing phylogenetic trees. Allows you to save in various formats, print, edit, modify, and adorn the tree, and should work on any java runtime platform.
* Phylo-Win - Graphical color interface for molecular phylogenetic inference. It performs neighbor-joining, parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods and bootstrap with any of them.
* SuperTree - Implements various supertree building methods. Available in Linux/Unix and PC versions.
* Tree Puzzle - Computer program to reconstruct phylogenetic trees from molecular sequence data by maximum likelihood.
* TreeMap - Experimental program for comparing host and parasite trees.
* TreeView - Simple program for displaying phylogenies.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Gene Expression: Software (23)
* AiO - Downloadable package integrating database, oligo ordering, DNA and protein analysis programs from Wuerzburg, Germany.
* Chang Bioscience - Microarray analysis, lab inventory, and primer sequence database tools from San Francisco, California.
* Delila - Software for Analysis of Protein and Nucleic-acid Sequences.
* DNA Software - Company selling software intended for molecular biology.
* DNAStar - Develops sequence analysis software for molecular biology.
* Gene Kinetics - Software for transcription and cell cycle genes, providing peak intervals, max values as a function of decay of gene-activating principle, inhibitory mRNA, gene amplification, anabolic capacity and proteolysis.
* Improved Outcomes Software Inc. - Offers programs and custom development for the visualization, analysis and classification of gene expression and proteomics data, image-guided surgery and information technology. Based in Inverary, Ontario.
* Integrated Genomics Inc. - Software and services for life science, particularly for microbial genomics, in Chicago, Illinois.
* Koada Technology - Supplies software for automated analysis and quantification of microarray images.
* List of Lists Annotated - LOLA is a platform for uploading and comparing microarray generated gene lists, with curated, annotated and published data linked to citations, in an interface maintained by the Genomics Core Facility, George Washington University.
* Listing of DNA software links - Katalog of links to sources of software for molecular biology.
* MB DNA Analysis - Program for statistical analysis and evaluation of the biological significance from microarray data. Includes key features, registration and download for Windows and Linux.
* MILANO - Microarray Literature-based Annotation - A web-based tool to annotate lists of genes derived from microarray experiments. The annotations are generated by searching literature databases (Medline, GeneRIF) for the gene's synonyms co-occurrences with user-provided terms.
* Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequence Analysis Software - From the Pittsburgh Superconputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.
* Oligo Software - Consensus, multiplex and degenerate primers, oligonucleotide database, secondary structure and difficult sequencing for researchers in PCR and related technologies. Developed since 1989, by Molecular Biology Insights Inc.
* Premier Biosoft International - Developers of software for real time PCR primer design, TaqMan, molecular beacons, DNA microarray analysis, drawing restriction plasmid maps, gateway cloning experiments, protein interaction network and functional genomics.
* Qlucore - Supplies software to explore and analyze microarray gene expression data sets, in Lund, Sweden.
* Redasoft Corp. - Makers of restriction enzyme database program, to design cloning experiments and produce high resolution graphics of plasmid maps and alignments. Includes corporate details of company in Bradford, Ontario.
* The Ribosome Builder Project - A software project to simulate the ribosome.
* RNAdraw - A program for RNA secondary structure calculation and analysis under 32-bit Microsoft Windows.
* Score Comets - Site introducing the comet assay, including equipment needed, hints and tips along with information on the Comet Assay IV software scoring system.
* Short Time-series Expression Miner - Freeware for clustering, comparing, and visualizing short time series gene expression data, maintained at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
* Strand Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd. - Develops data analysis and visualization software for microarray gene expression data from its base in Bangalore, India.

=> Conditions and Diseases: Genetic Disorders (714)
* Gene Clinics - Medical genetics knowledge base. NIH funded, expert-authored descriptions of inherited disorders. Covers genetic testing in diagnosis and management and genetic counseling of patients.
* A3243G - Explains a gene defect of mitochondrial DNA which causes several diseases, including maternally inherited diabetes with deafness. Features a newsletter, patient forum and definitions.
* Blepharophimosis Ptosis Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome - The BPEI (BPES) Family Network encourages people to get in touch with each other, share information and ask questions. Explanation of this rare eye disorder.
* The Center For Jewish Genetics Disorders - A critical effort to provide public and professional education for many of the identified Jewish genetic disorders. Find info on screening and counseling, advocacy, events and community resources.
* Genetic and Rare Conditions - Lay advocacy groups, support groups, information on genetic conditions and birth defects for professionals, educators and individuals. Disorders from A-Z.
* Genetic Disorders: The Links to Diet - Explores the role of diet in birth defects and genetic disorders. Includes nutritional links to disorders such as Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, homocystinuria, and cystic fibrosis.
* IMMD Institute of Medical Molecular Diagnostics Ltd. - The IMMD is a genetic testing laboratory located in Germany. Provides genetic tests for hereditary breast cancer, various cardiovascular diseases or diseases with onset in childhood.
* Information on Trisomy 13 - Discusses medical information on this chromosome abnormality, including the doctor's personal experience with this rare disease.
* Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia - Information on a rare congenital disease.
* What malformation did El Greco paint? - El Greco’s faces are modelled on a child with a distinctive malformation. But what condition is it?
* XLH Network - Patient support group for XLH, a genetic condition also known as X-Linked Hypophosphatemia, X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets, Familial Hypophosphatemia, Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets.
* Your Genes, Your Health - The DNA Learning Center's multimedia guide to genetic disorders. Complete in depth articles about each disease listed.
* New Scientist: Heroin Addiction Gene Identified and Blocked - Scientists have not only identified a critical gene involved in heroin addiction relapse, but they have also successfully blocked it, eliminating cravings for the drug. (May 31, 2005)

=> Environment: Biodiversity: Genetic Resources (17)
* Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources - Postgraduate program at the University of Birmingham and Kew Botanic Gardens -- training in plant in situ and ex situ genetic conservation and sustainable utilisation.
* Genetic Resources Conservation Program - A University of California Program, concerned with California's biological diversity and its conservation in the broadest sense: onsite and offsite conservation of the native flora and fauna, collections of germplasm amassed for agricultural, medicinal, and industrial uses, and collections of genetic stocks, tissues, cells, and DNA developed for teaching and research purposes.
* National Invertebrate Genetic Resources Program - A program of the USDA Agricultural Research Service. Goals include: preservation of reference specimens, maintenance of genetically important germplasm, documentation of specific insect stocks, management of databases, distribution of material to researchers and breeders.
* Plant Genetic Resources Links - A page of links to International organizations.
* UK Focal Point on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing - Although the UK has not introduced specific legislation to regulate access to genetic resources, this website provides information to assist those that may wish to access genetic resources in the UK and its dependent territories.

=> Environment: Biodiversity: Agricultural: On-Farm Crop Diversity (5)
* Agricultural Biodiversity and Livelihoods: Issues and Entry Points for Development Agencies - [PDF] Report reviews policy issues concerning the maintenance and development of agricultural biodiversity in farming systems emphasising need for greater involvement of farmers and their communities.
* In Situ Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity - The maintenance of the diversity present in and among populations of the many species used directly in agriculture, or used as sources of genes, in habitats where such diversity arose and continues to grow.
* On-Farm Conservation: A Global Project - In situ conservation of crop plants involves the conservation on-farm of local crop cultivars (or landraces) with the active participation of farmers. IPGRI documentation.
* A Training Guide for In Situ Conservation On-farm - Aims to give national programs basic technical skills and tools to build institutional capacity and partnerships to implement an on-farm conservation program. PDF or MS Word formats.
* Wild Relatives: In Situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives in Natural Ecosystems - Conducts programs to maintain and enhance the in situ conservation of 'wild' relatives of crop plants. Program profiles and reports on inventories and conservation projects in China, Turkey, India, and other areas.

=> Biology: Genetics: Genomics (32)
* The Centre for Genomic Application - Consist of an array of genomics and proteomics information, high throughput DNA sequencing, genotyping, oligo nucleotide synthesis, and microarray services.
* Geneyous - Network for young scientists, with forum, details of membership, organization, and links to databases from Leiden, The Netherlands.
* Genome News Network - Resource for news about research, human medicine, stem cells, cloning, biotechnology and agriculture worldwide. Maintained by the Center for the Advancement of Genomics, Rockville, Maryland.
* Genomic Research Laboratory - Study of prokaryotes (primarily Staphylococcus aureus), biofilm, MRSA and internalization using microarray and other genomic technologies, at the Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
* Genomics and Disease Prevention - Collection of research articles aimed at human genomic discoveries. Includes public health reports and genetic testing.
* Nature - Genome Gateway - Resource for academic journals, current studies, and human genome sequences.
* Netherlands Genomics Initiative - National government site featuring , publications, calendar of meetings, and links to research programs.
* Rice Information System - An integrated information resource and comparative analysis workbench for rice genomics.
* U.S. Genomics - Features developing technologies for direct analysis of single unamplified molecules. Includes news and events, and current methodology platforms.
* Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society - A primer on basic genetics; the science of the Human Genome Project; genomic medicine; ethical, legal, and social issues; and post-genomics research - from the U.S. Dept. of Energy Human Genome Program. (March 1, 2003)

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Proteins and Enzymes: Proteomics (131)
* Human Proteomics Initiative - Project to annotate all known human sequences according to the quality standards of Swiss-Prot.
* NHLBI Proteomics Initiative - Collaboration of ten multi-disciplinary research centers, to develop technologies, and apply them to advancing knowledge of heart, lung, blood, and sleep health and disease. Includes links to participants throughout the USA.
* HUPO 5th Annual World Congress - Details of five day meeting of the Human Proteome Organisation in Long Beach, California. (October 28, 2006)
* Australasian Proteomics Society - APS promotes proteomics research in Australia and New Zealand.
* British Society for Proteome Research - BSPR aims to advance the science of proteomics, to further public education therein and to promote study and research work in proteomics and related subjects for the public benefit.
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Proteomforschung - German Society for Proteomics
* Hellenic Proteomics Society - Greek Society for Proteomics
* Human Proteome Organisation - Consolidates national and regional proteome organizations engaged in scientific and educational activities to disseminate knowledge of model organisms, technologies and assisting coordination of public initiatives.
* Montreal Proteomics Network - A network of over 75 researchers whose goal is to identify, localize and characterize every protein in every organelle of the mammalian cell.
* ProCura: Portuguese Proteomics Network - ProCura is a virtual network organization to share their expertise and facilities to form a collaborative platform on the functional proteomics technology.
* Proteome Society - Provides glossary, career opportunities, education, scientific posters, seminars and meeting reviews. Includes discussion board for panel discussions, a public forum and worldwide networking from Ross, CA.
* Proteomics Platform for the Netherlands - The proteomics platform was formed in the end of 2000 as an initiative of Connie Jiménez (VU, Amsterdam) in order to stimulate the exchange of knowledge/information between Dutch research groups that engage in fast-moving field of proteome research.
* SEProt - Spanish Society of Proteomics - SEProt was born with the objective of encouraging the development of Proteomics in Spain, grouping together researchers in the field of Proteomics, users of Proteomics Services, private companies in the sector, and students interested in the study of proteomes.
* SFEAP Société Française d'Electrophorèse et d'Analyse Protéomique - French Society of Electrophoresis and Proteomics Analysis
* Swedish Proteomics Society - The Swedish Proteomics Society intends to promote activities within the Proteomics field in Sweden, and also acts as an interface to the international Proteomics programs.
* Swiss Proteomics Society - Statutes, committee and contacts for membership details. Features career and other links, including deadlines for their three day congress at Bern, Switzerland.
* USHUPO - USHUPO's mission is to engage in scientific and educational activities to encourage the spread of proteomics technologies and to disseminate knowledge pertaining to the human proteome and that of model organisms.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Proteins and Enzymes: Proteomics: Software (2)
* Correlogic Systems, Inc. - Developer of software and support services to identify proteomic bio-markers and other complex biomolecular to the pharmaceutical, research and diagnostic communities. Based in Bethesda, Maryland.
* GenoLogics Life Sciences Software Inc. - Specialist LIMS company, offering scientific data management software for high throughput screening genomics and systems biology. Includes product overview, modules, training and support in Victoria, British Columbia.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Proteins and Enzymes: Proteomics: Journals (9)
* Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics - The journal aims to provide a centralised resource for researchers in the fields of genomics and proteomics as well as give guidance to scientists new to these areas(4 issues per year).
* Clinical Proteomics - Clinical proteomics, The Journal of Translational Molecular Medicine, is the application of proteomic technologies and informatic tools to clinical material. The translational nature of this technology provides unique challenges and unbounded opportunities that promise to transform the way disease is detected, treated, and managed.
* Current Proteomics - The journal publishes review articles in all aspects of the fast-expanding field of proteomics. All areas of proteomics are covered together with the methodology, softwares, databases, technological advances and applications of proteomics, including functional proteomics.
* Expert Review of Proteomics - Seeks to apply technologies, methods and discoveries to advance scientific understanding of protein expression in human health and disease. Includes full articles by subscription to Future Drugs Ltd, London, UK.
* Journal of Proteome Research - The ACS's Journal of Proteomic Research investigates the rapidly changing arena of proteomic research.
* Molecular and Cellular Proteomics - Focused on structural and functional properties of proteins and their expression. Fulltext accessible from the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
* OMICS A Journal of Integrative Biology - The Journal explores advances in the era of post-genomic biology and medicine, including pharmacogenomics, and physiomics. Integrative, quantitative, experimental, and computational approaches bring new knowledge, novel methods, and innovative technologies to engender a better understanding of complex biological systems and processes.
* Proteomics - Provides current and archive from 2001 of abstracts, related downloads and facility for online article submission for international publication by Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany.
* Proteomics Virtual Journal - Solely in electronic format, archive since May 2002, drawing on articles maintained at Science Direct from Elsevier.

=> Biology: Evolution: Molecular (8)
* ExPASy Life Science Directory - Part of the ExPASy Molecular Biology Server, this extensive list contains almost exclusively pointers to information sources for life scientists with an interest in biological macromolecules.
* Symmetry-breaking and Molecular Evolution - Explores the structural relationship between cosmological symmetry-breaking and the form of molecular evolution leading to biological systems on Earth. It thus forms an alternative to historical hypotheses in which the form of biogenesis is believed to be the product of a linked sequence of specific conditions, bridged by stochastic selection processes.
* Betran's Lab - Research and publications on the origin of new genes, new functions, and their role in genome evolution, adaptation, and species differences.
* Farside Research Institute - The evolution group of the Institute of Molecular BioSciences at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
* How molecular biology opens up a 21st Century view of evolution - Transcript of chat with biochemist James Shapiro of the University of Chicago on his concept of "natural genetic engineering" at the cellular level.
* Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - Journal is dedicated to bringing Darwin's dream-to "have fairly true genealogical trees of each great kingdom of Nature"-within grasp. Provides a forum for molecular studies that advance the understanding of phylogeny and evolution.
* Szostak Laboratory - Details work exploring the evolution of novel ribozymes (deoxyribo and ribonucleic acid catalysts) from populations of random sequences, attempting to shed light on the origins of biological catalysis.
* The Thermosynthesis Home Page - Describes and explains a theory that shows how organisms can use or may have used thermal cycling as an energy source, for example in volcanic hot springs, as an evolutionary step towards photosynthesis.

=> Astronomy: Extraterrestrial Life: Exobiology (32)
* NASA Astrobiology Institute - A partnership between NASA and other research organizations to conduct and lead integrated multidisciplinary research in astrobiology, the study of life in the universe.
* American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology - Fosters research, education, training, and development in gravitational and space biology.
* Astrobiology at ASU - A member of NASA's Astrobiology Institute. The Arizona State University program studies the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the solar system.
* Astrobiology at Marine Biological Laboratory - Seeks an understanding about the evolution of early life forms and how changing environments contributed to the development of complex systems in simple organisms.
* The Astrobiology Index - Categorized links to a wealth of resources on the space life sciences.
* Astrobiology Magazine - E-zine on life beyond Earth and origin of life. Includes news articles, reference material, and forums.
* The Astrobiology Web - An online guide to the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the Universe as well as all other aspects of space exploration.
* The Astrochemistry Laboratory - Located in the Astrophysics Branch of the Space Sciences Division at NASA's Ames Research Center. Specializes in the study of extraterrestrial materials and their analogs.
* Australian Centre for Astrobiology - Based at Macquarie University, the centre includes astrobiologists from around Australia. The ACA is Australia's international member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
* Cardiff Centre for Astrobiology - The Centre aims to combine the expertise of astronomers, biochemists, and microbiologists to enable us to answer the age-old question: where did we come from?
* Carnegie Institution of Washington - A private, nonprofit organization engaged in basic research and advanced education in biology, astronomy, and the earth sciences. Part of the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
* Cosmic Ancestry - Gives examples of microbes that survive the vacuum of space. Discusses Neo-Darwinism.
* Cosmic Ancestry - The modern version of panspermia, Cosmic Ancestry treats all of evolution, not just the origin of life on Earth.
* Cosmic Evolution - An educational site based on a textbook that follows the evolution of the Universe "from big bang to humankind." Hosted by the Wright Center at Tufts University.
* Geobiology and Astrobiology at Caltech/JPL - Studies the history of life on earth as well as the role the biota continue to play in shaping modern environments though exploring molecular evolution.
* Harvard OEB - Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Researches and teaches "biology with a global perspective."
* IGPP Center for Astrobiology - NASA Astrobiology Institute founding member located at the UCLA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics.
* Introduction to Exobiology - Explores the field of exobiology from a lay perspective including a self-test. Part of the Cruising Chemistry project at Duke.
* Marsbugs: The Electronic Astrobiology Newsletter - Provides a channel of information for scientists, educators and other persons interested in life sciences as they relate to planetary science and space exploration.
* NASA's Origins Program - This program at JPL seeks to answer the fundamental questions about the Universe: Where do we come from? Are we alone?
* Net Advance of Physics: Bioastronomy - An experimental page part of the MIT Net Advance project. Includes research and review articles, and offline as well as online materials.
* NSCORT in Exobiology - The NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training in Gravitational Biology is a partnership with UCSD, Scripps, and Salk Institutes.
* NSCORT in Origins of Life - The NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training at the New York Center for Studies of the Origins of Life. A partnership with RPI and SUNY-Albany.
* The Origin of Life and Evolution of the Cosmos - Explores events that led to the origin of life on earth.
* Origins of Life in our Solar System - A brief overview of creation of the universe and origins of life in our solar system.
* Penn State Astrobiology Research Center - PSARC's primary mission is to conduct multidisciplinary research and education in Astrobiology as a member of the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
* A Search for Evidence of Interplanetary and Atmospheric Microbial Delivery Systems - Conference paper on the solar wind propelled interplanetary viral and bacterial movements.
* TERC Astrobiology Curriculum - TERC and NASA are developing an interdisciplinary, year-long course for middle and high school students using astrobiology as its unifying, underlying structure.
* Titan as an Exobiology Laboratory - Explains why this moon of Saturn is an object of exceptional interest for exobiological research.
* Tulane Environmental Astrobiology Center - The joint venture between Tulane Medical Center and NASA studies the effects of space travel upon the human body as well as the use of microgravity to study basic biological phenomena.
* UW Astrobiology Program - The University of Washington's graduate certificate program enables students to obtain the interdepartmental background necessary. Focus is on Earth's extreme microbial environments.
* Life on the Edge - Science@NASA article on an experiment designed for students of all ages to investigate life in extreme environments and to learn about the possibilities for life elsewhere in the Solar System. (January 13, 1999)

=> Biology: Ecology: Microbial Ecology (12)
* Astrobiology Web - Microbes and other life forms in extreme environments. (Although the title of this site implies that it is about space, this is an excellent resource about microbial ecology in unusual environmental conditions here on Earth.)
* BacSim: Individual-based model of microorganisms - BacSim is an Individual-based Model (IbM) of bacterial populations, such as colonies and biofilms. Online computer simulations give a feel for what the program does. Source code and animations are also available.
* Bacteriophage Ecology Group - Possibly the only site dealing with bacteriophage virus ecology. The site includes a wealth of photos and drawings of these viruses as well as all you'd ever need to know about them.
* Biodegradation Group - GBF AMICO project - About research on development of molecular and biochemical tools to retrieve information from environmental samples, microbial degradation of contaminants in BTEX, bacterial shifts and adaptation in changing conditions, and evolution of catabolic genes families for BTEX degradation.
* The Center for Microbial Ecology (CME) - The intellectual focus of the Center for Microbial Ecology is to understand factors that influence the competitiveness, diversity and function of microorganisms in their natural and managed habitats.
* Digital Learning Center for Microbial Ecology - Michigan State University website with extensive resources on microbes and the environments they live in, as well as links to other microbial ecology resources on the web. Includes the Microbe Zoo.
* IMPACT Project Home Page - Interactions between microbial inoculants and resident populations in the rhizosphere of agronomically important crops in typical soils.
* International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME) - Microbial Ecology for students, public, news media, and scientists. Also serves as the primary forum of discussion for ISME Society members.
* LTER Microbial Observatories - Describes the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) programs concerned with microorganisms at a wide variety of sites around the world.
* Microbial Ecology Group - Research documents, publications, programs, projects, staff. Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany.
* Microbial Ecology Working Group - Main areas are compost and soil microbiology, molecular ecology, microbial communities, anaerobic digestion, fertilizer development. Page includes list of projects and publications. Located at the University of Innsbruck.
* The Nüsslein Lab - On-going research on microbial ecology carried out by the Nusslein Lab, University of Massachusetts, USA.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids (51)
* The Aptamer Database - Resource searchable by citation, journal, author, sequence and type of experiment, maintained by the Ellington Lab, University of Texas at Austin.
* Beginner's Guide to Molecular Biology - Elementary description of DNA, RNA structure and function from BBSRC, Rothamsted, England.
* DOE Joint Genome Institute - Dynamic comparative analysis of the human and mouse genomes. Includes introduction to genomics, historical timeline and poster, operated for the Department of Energy by UC, Berkeley, California.
* ISTH SSC VWF Information Homepage - Genetic mutation and polymorphism database for human von Willebrand factor with other useful information for researchers, from the University of Sheffield, UK.
* Mobile Group II Introns - Phylogenetic tree, secondary and ORF structure to identify and catalog group II introns in bacteria and other organisms, maintained by the Zimmerly Laboratory at the University of Calgary, Canada.
* Molecular Probe Data Base - Information on about 4,300 synthetic oligonucleotides, mainly relevant to human diagnostics, from the Telematics Applications in Biotechnology Group at the National Institute for Cancer Research of Genoa, Italy.
* Nucleic Acid Database - Assembles and distributes structural information about nucleic acids. Includes databases, tutorials, and a musical atlas using different musical algorithms to provide a unique look into the structure of DNA.
* Nucleic Acids Symposium Series - Supplementary publication to Nucleic Acids Research.
* Tworowska, Izabela, PhD. - Resume and CV of Welch Postdoctoral Research Associate. Includes presentations, publication links, and classes on viruses, at Rice University, Houston, Texas.

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids: RNA (16)
* Center for RNA Molecular Biology - Lists researchers, graduate programs, employment opportunities and seminars at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
* Lang, Professor B. Franz - Research articles related to mitochondrial RNase P(mtP), secondary structure models of mtP RNA, and links that are subject related.
* Mamit-tRNA - Gene compilation aimed at defining typical as well as consensus primary and secondary structural features of mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs. Includes a table of organisms, sequences, and 2D structures.
* Molecular Colony Technique - Studies on RNA recombination applied to quantitative diagnostics, in cell-free gene cloning and screening from The Laboratory of Viral RNA Biochemistry, Pushchino, Russia.
* Origins of Life and the RNA World - Historical perspective on the role of RNA in the evolution of life.
* RiboClub - Aims to collaborate for understanding of the roles of RNA and binding proteins in processes like maturation and catalysis. Includes member login and directions to the Faculty of Medecine at University of Sherbrooke, Montreal. [bilingual]
* Ribosomal Structure - Introduction to ribosomal RNA molecules from E. coli, with references and 3D-model for ribosomal structure in research led by Richard Brimacombe, Berlin, Germany.
* Ribosome Structure - Projects on 30S, 50S and antibiotic interactions led by François J. Franceschi at the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Hamburg, Germany.
* RNA - Publishes significant original research in all areas of structure and function in eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral systems. Articles back to 1997, available by subscription to the RNA Society.
* The RNA Society - Facilitate sharing and dissemination of experimental results and emerging concepts in ribonucleic acid research. Includes membership data, news and events, meeting calendar, and related links.
* The RNA Webring - Links together laboratories with an interest in any aspect of RNA function and metabolism. Included is a search engine to help find RNA-related information.
* The RNA World Website - Provides links to a range of subject areas, including databases, tools, software, books and tutorials, and meetings.
* RNABase.org - RNA Structure Database: Description of structures, function, origin, experimental techniques. FAQ and latest developments by Venkatesh L. Murthy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
* RRNDB - Database of over 300 operons, including 77 from whole genome sequence projects, enabling search through the phylogenetic distribution from the Center for Microbial Ecology at MSU, Lansing, MI.
* Structural Classification of RNA - SCOR database aiming to classify three-dimensional structural motifs and elements, from NMR and X-ray data, according to tertiary interactions and function. Maintained at Berkley, CA.
* Walter Lab - RNA Biochemistry of catalytic RNA, short ribozymes, folding, FRET, fluorescence, atomic force microscopy. Listing publications back to 1993 from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
* Article on RNAi by GNN - Online article describing gene silencing mechanism and how RNAi can be used for HIV treatment.
* Article on RNAi by HOPES - Online article describes basic mechanism of RNAi and how it can be applied for Huntington's disease treatment.
* Article on siRNA from Wikipedia - Describes small interfering RNA (siRNA) function, structure, use in research, and potential application for therapy.
* Cambridge Healthtech Institute - CHI organizes RNAi-related conferences throughout the US and Europe, including therapeutics, pharmaceutics, drug development, target discovery, and biodefense. Provides biotechnology news and conferences information.
* CnidBase: Cnidarian Evolutionary Genomics Database - Cnidbase provides tools for researchers interested in studying gene expression of these organisms. Provides sequence BLAST tools, keyword search of genes and homologs, a literature scan, and several useful links.
* DBTGR - Database of Tunicate Gene Regulation - Gene expression database of tunicates. Provides the descriptions of 12 transcription factors and 140 promoters.
* Drosophila RNAi Resource - Informational RNAi resource on studying drosophila genes and their roles in development by Society for Developmental Biology.
* Focus Areas: RNAi from Invitrogen - Educational and product support page. Includes RNAi overview, history, and research suggestions for gene silencing experiments.
* Gene Silencing Mechanism - Animation of post transcriptional gene silencing or RNA Interference (RNAi) by Nature Reviews Genetics.
* Genetic Diversity - Provides educational modules covering such parts of biology as genetics, cell biology, and gene expression.
* Journal of RNAi and Gene Silencing - Publishes peer-reviewed articles addressing the biology and application of RNA interference and gene silencing. Includes information about journal aims and scope, publication policies, and manuscript submission. Provides online access to journal articles.
* microRNA and Cancer Therapeutics - Online review of microRNA application for potential therapy of cancer by Dmitriy Ovcharenko.
* The microRNA Registry - Online resource provides a service for the assignment of miRNA gene names. Provides searchable database of published miRNA sequences. Includes data and research application information.
* NANOPOLIS - Educational portal providing nanotechnology articles and multimedia courses in the multidisciplinary research areas.
* Nature web focus: RNAi - Online review of RNA Interference biological phenomena. Includes citations of recent research publications, RNAi animations, and science news articles.
* Navigating Journey of Genome to Medicine - Review article on RNAi by International Herald Tribune. Provides an overview on RNA Interference discovery, current research efforts, and therapeutic potential.
* Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas - Informational portal for researchers interested in nuclear receptor signaling.
* Oligoengine - Oligonucleotide design software for applications such as RNAi, DNA methylation, antisense, and genome arrays.
* Oligonucleotide Therapeutic Society - Society host conferences on academia and industry-based research and development of oligonucleotide therapeutics: RNAi, antisense, and others. Provides society overview, publication materials, meetings, and contact information.
* Ordway Research Institute - Not-for-profit corporation with a mission to translate basic science observations into therapeutics. Provides research services including quantitation of endogenous levels of microRNAs and mRNAs from experimental samples. Includes information on research focus areas and technology development.
* Pharmaceutical Discovery - Peer-review online journal publishing articles on recent advances in life sciences research and drug discovery. Includes RNAi related news, overview of new technology, and research articles.
* Protein Lounge - Provides database that contains targets against mRNA sequences throughout a variety of organisms. Includes gene search option, and disease-specific siRNA genes.
* RNA Interference - Interactive online resource from Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Presents RNAi mechanism and overview of key scientific findings.
* RNA Interference at Journal Nature - Focus RNA Interference - online resource publishing recent advances in RNAi field, and novel applications in Nature Cell Biology and Nature Reviews.
* RNAi BioForum - Online forum for siRNA, microRNA and RNAi methods discussion.
* The RNAi Cure - A NOVA ScienceNOW science program by PBS feature the possible applications for RNAi therapy. Provides animations of key biological processes and mechanism of RNA Interference.
* RNAi Database - Contains all siRNA from C. elegans including assay, resulting phenotypes, dsRNA target location. Database provides Gene/Protein or Phenotype search options.
* RNAi Gateway - Web resource from BioMed Central. Provides RNA Interference (RNAi) research highlights, journal links, news, and meeting information.
* RNAi Mechanism Animation by Journal Nature - An animation from Nature Publishing Group on the mechanism of RNA Interference (RNAi).
* RNAi Meeting: From Target Discovery and Validation to Therapeutic Development - CHI's Discovery on Target RNAi meeting organized by Cambridge Healthtech Institute at Boston, Massachusetts, October 25-26, 2006. Meeting provides overview of various aspects in RNA Interference (RNAi) research, ranging from in vitro and in vivo drug discovery research to therapeutic applications. Online meeting information is available: plenary sessions, exhibits, and poster presentations.
* RNAi News - Online resource for scientists, researchers, technologists, and executives engaged in RNA Interference, functional genomics, and drug discovery. Offers industry news, product reviews, and meetings information.
* RNAi Research and Therapeutics Conference - Meeting organized by GTCbio with main focus on RNA Interference. Purpose of the conference is to facilitate the exchange of biopharmaceutical and biomedical intelligence between industry leaders, academic and government organizations, and the financial community. Provides meeting agenda, poster session and registration information.
* RNAi Resource at Ambion - Online RNA Interference (RNAi) resource. Provide scientific and technical support, information on microRNA and small interfering RNA application in gene expression research.
* RNAi Resource at Macalester College - Informational resource, including RNAi mechanism, overview of current studies, and related research protocols.
* RNAi Transfection Resource - Review of transfection techniques such as electroporation, denrimers and lipids that are used for transfection of DNA, RNA, and siRNA. Includes information on optimized cell type specific transfection systems.
* The RNAi vs. HIV - Reviews the use of this therapy in fighting HIV. Includes mechanism, difficulties, terms, and featured experiments.
* The RNAi Web - Online resource for RNA Interference (RNAi) technology. Offers overview of technology, references, and links on other RNAi-related web resources.
* RNAi@elegansNet - Directory on gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) literature and resources.
* RNAi.net - Online resource offering information RNA interference and related issues: news, interviews, articles, techniques.
* Rosetta Genomics - Israel-based microRNA genomics company, develops bioinformatic tools for miRNA gene detection approach.
* SBS Conference - The Society for Biomolecular Screening holds a conference on high-throughput RNAi screening approach using siRNA/shRNA libraries on September 11-15, 2005.
* Second Annual Meeting of the Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Society - Yearly conference organized by New York Academy of Sciences. Scientists from industry and academia meet to discuss use of oligonucleotide-based gene-silencing techniques for development of innovative therapeutics. Includes information about conference registration, preliminary program, and abstract submission.
* SI RNA - Small Interference RNA Resources - Online resource from Ion Channel Media Group. Provides news, publication links, and citations of the recent literature relevant to RNA Interference research.
* Silencing Genomes - Portal about genome-wide applications of RNAi by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
* The siRNA User Guide - Online guide for performing RNAi experiments using synthetic siRNA molecules. By Tuschl Lab at Rockefeller University.
* TargetScan - Online software provided by MIT for prediction of microRNA targets. Provides research data and online software for microRNA target identification and analysis.
* Transcriptional Gene Silencing - Mechanisms of TGS by Kevin Morris laboratory. Includes description of HIV research performed using lentiviral vector gene therapy and RNAi mediated gene silencing.
* A TV Show on RNAi by PBS - NOVA scienceNOW TV program describes RNAi as a major breakthrough in gene therapy with enormous medical promise. Provides basic overview of RNAi technology, current therapeutic approaches, and interview with the experts in the field. Includes 15-minutes TV broadcast segment on RNAi.
* Wikipedia Article on RNAi - Online article describing the basics of RNA Interference (RNAi) mechanism.
* Small RNAs: Delivering the future - Article by journal Nature about development of RNAi therapeutics. (December 12, 2007)
* InFocus RNAi Web Broadcast by Bio.com - Review of RNAi advances, technologies and applications. Bio.com provides an online RNAi technology-focused webcast, experts in the field discuss new insights into the regulation of gene expression by RNAi. (November 16, 2006)
* MicroRNA in Cancer - Review of microRNA role in cancer by Nature journal. Provides full-length research papers and reviews. (June 9, 2005)
* RNAi Therapeutics: How Likely, How Soon? - Review article from PLoS Biology journal. Describes mechanism of RNA Interference, potential applications towards therapeutics, and current problems associated with delivery. (January 20, 2004)
* Induction of an interferon response by RNAi vectors in mammalian cells - Article from journal Nature Genetics about potential complications of use of RNAi vector-based technology for therapeutics. (June 8, 2003)

=> Biology: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids: Software (5)
* Dcode - Tools developed at the Comparative Genomics Center at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California.
* PhenoSystems - Gensearch offers locus specific software application assisting biologists in the analysis of DNA sequences, for potential mutation locations, interpreting their potential consequences. Contacts in Brussels, Belgium.
* Southwest Parallel Software, Inc. - Commercial versions of Phil Green's Phrap, Swat and Cross-Match sequence analysis tools. Some trial versions available for download.
* Staden Package - Introduction, documentation and downloads for DNA sequence analysis. Includes related courses in Cambridge, England.
* The Vienna RNA Package - A free suit of software for the analysis of RNA secondary structure, including structure prediction and comparison as well as sequence design.